{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T13:54:52Z","timestamp":1773237292524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. In the United States, Black persons are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea. Individual behaviors do not fully explain these racial disparities. We explored the association of racial residential segregation with gonorrhea rates among Black persons and hypothesized that specific dimensions of segregation would be associated with gonorrhea rates. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We used 2003 to 2007 national STI surveillance data and 2000 US Census Bureau data to examine associations of 5 dimensions of racial residential segregation and a composite measure of hypersegregation with gonorrhea rates among Black persons in 257 metropolitan statistical areas, overall and by sex and age. We calculated adjusted rate ratios with generalized estimating equations. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Isolation and unevenness were significantly associated with gonorrhea rates. Centralization was marginally associated with gonorrhea. Isolation was more strongly associated with gonorrhea among the younger age groups. Concentration, clustering, and hypersegregation were not associated with gonorrhea. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Certain dimensions of segregation are important in understanding STI risk among US Black persons. Interventions to reduce sexual risk may need to account for racial residential segregation to maximize effectiveness and reduce existent racial disparities. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2011.300516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,17]],"date-time":"2012-05-17T20:09:38Z","timestamp":1337285378000},"page":"1370-1377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Racial Residential Segregation and Rates of Gonorrhea in the United States, 2003\u20132007"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Katie B","family":"Biello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, Katie B. Biello, Trace Kershaw, Jeannette Ickovics, and Linda Niccolai were with Yale School of Public Health and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Robert Nelson and Matthew Hogben are with the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trace","family":"Kershaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, Katie B. Biello, Trace Kershaw, Jeannette Ickovics, and Linda Niccolai were with Yale School of Public Health and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Robert Nelson and Matthew Hogben are with the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, Katie B. Biello, Trace Kershaw, Jeannette Ickovics, and Linda Niccolai were with Yale School of Public Health and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Robert Nelson and Matthew Hogben are with the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hogben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, Katie B. Biello, Trace Kershaw, Jeannette Ickovics, and Linda Niccolai were with Yale School of Public Health and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Robert Nelson and Matthew Hogben are with the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Ickovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, Katie B. Biello, Trace Kershaw, Jeannette Ickovics, and Linda Niccolai were with Yale School of Public Health and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Robert Nelson and Matthew Hogben are with the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Niccolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, Katie B. 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