{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:46:34Z","timestamp":1790181994473,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We explored new ways to identify food deserts. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We estimated physical and economic access to supermarkets for 5 low-income groups in Seattle\u2013King County, Washington. We used geographic information system data to measure physical access: service areas around each supermarket were delineated by ability to walk, bicycle, ride transit, or drive within 10 minutes. We assessed economic access by stratifying supermarkets into low, medium, and high cost. Combining income and access criteria generated multiple ways to estimate food deserts. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. The 5 low-income group definitions yielded total vulnerable populations ranging from 4% to 33% of the county\u2019s population. Almost all of the vulnerable populations lived within a 10-minute drive or bus ride of a low- or medium-cost supermarket. Yet at most 34% of the vulnerable populations could walk to any supermarket, and as few as 3% could walk to a low-cost supermarket. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. The criteria used to define low-income status and access to supermarkets greatly affect estimates of populations living in food deserts. Measures of access to food must include travel duration and mode and supermarket food costs. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2012.300675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]],"date-time":"2012-08-16T19:57:54Z","timestamp":1345147074000},"page":"e32-e39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["How to Identify Food Deserts: Measuring Physical and Economic Access to Supermarkets in King County, Washington"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Junfeng Jiao is with the Department of Urban Planning, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ball State University, Muncie, IN. Anne Vernez Moudon, Jared Ulmer, and Philip M. Hurvitz are with the Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, and Adam Drewnowski is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne V.","family":"Moudon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junfeng Jiao is with the Department of Urban Planning, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ball State University, Muncie, IN. Anne Vernez Moudon, Jared Ulmer, and Philip M. Hurvitz are with the Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, and Adam Drewnowski is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Ulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junfeng Jiao is with the Department of Urban Planning, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ball State University, Muncie, IN. Anne Vernez Moudon, Jared Ulmer, and Philip M. Hurvitz are with the Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, and Adam Drewnowski is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Hurvitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junfeng Jiao is with the Department of Urban Planning, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ball State University, Muncie, IN. Anne Vernez Moudon, Jared Ulmer, and Philip M. 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