{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1787023923166,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. We examined socioeconomic inequalities in health among older adults in England and Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. We analyzed nationally representative samples of residents aged 50 years and older in 2008 data from the Brazilian National Household Survey (n\u2009=\u200975\u2009527) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (n\u2009=\u20099589). We estimated prevalence ratios for self-rated health, functional limitations, and reported chronic diseases, by education level and household income tertiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Brazilians reported worse health than did English respondents. Country-specific differences were higher among the poorest, but also affected the wealthiest persons. We observed a strong inverse gradient of similar magnitude across education and household income levels for most health indicators in each country. Prevalence ratios (lowest vs highest education level) of poor self-rated health were 3.24 in Brazil and 3.50 in England; having 2 or more functional limitations, 1.81 in Brazil and 1.96 in England; and having 1 or more diseases, 1.14 in Brazil and 1.36 in England.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. Socioeconomic inequalities in health affect both populations, despite a less pronounced absolute difference in household income and education in Brazil than in England.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2012.300765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]],"date-time":"2012-06-14T16:34:07Z","timestamp":1339691647000},"page":"1535-1541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in Older Adults in Brazil and England"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"M. Fernanda","family":"Lima-Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Fernanda Lima-Costa is with the Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz and the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cesar De Oliveira and Michael Marmot are with the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK. James Macinko is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University, New York, NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"De Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Fernanda Lima-Costa is with the Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz and the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cesar De Oliveira and Michael Marmot are with the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK. James Macinko is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University, New York, NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Macinko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Fernanda Lima-Costa is with the Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz and the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cesar De Oliveira and Michael Marmot are with the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK. James Macinko is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University, New York, NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Marmot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Fernanda Lima-Costa is with the Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz and the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cesar De Oliveira and Michael Marmot are with the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK. James Macinko is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University, New York, NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health","author":"Commission on Social Determinants of Health","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.17.2037"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.139469"},{"key":"bib4","unstructured":"World Bank Gini Index.Washington, DC:World Bank;2009.Available at:http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.GINI. 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