{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:26:12Z","timestamp":1792700772072,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We assessed implicit and explicit bias against both Latinos and African Americans among experienced primary care providers (PCPs) and community members (CMs) in the same geographic area. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. Two hundred ten PCPs and 190 CMs from 3 health care organizations in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area completed Implicit Association Tests and self-report measures of implicit and explicit bias, respectively. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. With a 60% participation rate, the PCPs demonstrated substantial implicit bias against both Latinos and African Americans, but this was no different from CMs. Explicit bias was largely absent in both groups. Adjustment for background characteristics showed the PCPs had slightly weaker ethnic\/racial bias than CMs. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. This research provided the first evidence of implicit bias against Latinos in health care, as well as confirming previous findings of implicit bias against African Americans. Lack of substantive differences in bias between the experienced PCPs and CMs suggested a wider societal problem. At the same time, the wide range of implicit bias suggested that bias in health care is neither uniform nor inevitable, and important lessons might be learned from providers who do not exhibit bias. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2012.300812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,15]],"date-time":"2012-11-15T20:56:23Z","timestamp":1353012983000},"page":"92-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Assessment of Biases Against Latinos and African Americans Among Primary Care Providers and Community Members"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Irene V.","family":"Blair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Irene V. Blair and Holen K. Hirsh are with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder. Edward P. Havranek is with the Division of Cardiology, Denver Health, Denver, CO. David W. Price and John F. Steiner are with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Rebecca Hanratty is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health. Diane L. Fairclough is with the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver. Tillman Farley..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward P.","family":"Havranek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irene V. Blair and Holen K. Hirsh are with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder. Edward P. Havranek is with the Division of Cardiology, Denver Health, Denver, CO. David W. Price and John F. Steiner are with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Rebecca Hanratty is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health. Diane L. Fairclough is with the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver. Tillman Farley..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irene V. Blair and Holen K. Hirsh are with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder. Edward P. Havranek is with the Division of Cardiology, Denver Health, Denver, CO. David W. Price and John F. Steiner are with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Rebecca Hanratty is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health. Diane L. Fairclough is with the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver. Tillman Farley..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hanratty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irene V. Blair and Holen K. Hirsh are with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder. Edward P. Havranek is with the Division of Cardiology, Denver Health, Denver, CO. David W. Price and John F. Steiner are with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Rebecca Hanratty is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health. Diane L. Fairclough is with the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver. Tillman Farley..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane L.","family":"Fairclough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irene V. Blair and Holen K. Hirsh are with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder. Edward P. Havranek is with the Division of Cardiology, Denver Health, Denver, CO. David W. Price and John F. Steiner are with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Rebecca Hanratty is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health. Diane L. Fairclough is with the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver. Tillman Farley..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tillman","family":"Farley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irene V. Blair and Holen K. Hirsh are with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder. Edward P. Havranek is with the Division of Cardiology, Denver Health, Denver, CO. David W. Price and John F. Steiner are with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Rebecca Hanratty is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health. Diane L. Fairclough is with the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver. Tillman Farley..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holen K.","family":"Hirsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irene V. Blair and Holen K. Hirsh are with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder. Edward P. Havranek is with the Division of Cardiology, Denver Health, Denver, CO. David W. Price and John F. Steiner are with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Rebecca Hanratty is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health. Diane L. Fairclough is with the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver. Tillman Farley..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irene V. Blair and Holen K. Hirsh are with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder. Edward P. Havranek is with the Division of Cardiology, Denver Health, Denver, CO. David W. Price and John F. Steiner are with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Rebecca Hanratty is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health. Diane L. Fairclough is with the Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver. 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