{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:43:40Z","timestamp":1780357420378,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We examined whether social norms toward spousal violence in Nigeria, at the state level, are associated with a woman\u2019s exposure to physical and sexual violence perpetrated by her husband. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. Using data from the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey, we fit four 3-level random intercepts models to examine contextual factors associated with spousal violence while accounting for individual-level predictors. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Of the 18\u2009798 ever-married Nigerian women in our sample, 18.7% reported exposure to spousal sexual or physical violence. The prevalence was geographically patterned by state and ranged from 3% to 50%. Permissive state-level social norms toward spousal violence were positively associated with a woman\u2019s report of physical and sexual violence perpetrated by her husband (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.17, 2.77), after adjusting for individual-level characteristics. A number of individual-level variables were significantly associated with victimization, including a woman\u2019s accepting beliefs toward spousal violence (OR\u2009=\u20091.11; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.09, 1.14). Women living in states with Sharia law were less likely to report spousal violence (OR\u2009=\u20090.58; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.35, 0.95). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Efforts to end violence against women, particularly spousal violence, should consider broader social and contextual determinants of violence including social norms. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2012.300829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,15]],"date-time":"2012-11-15T20:56:23Z","timestamp":1353012983000},"page":"148-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Influence of Community Social Norms on Spousal Violence: A Population-Based Multilevel Study of Nigerian Women"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Linos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalia Linos, S.\u2009V. Subramanian, Lisa Berkman, and Ichiro Kawachi are with the Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Natalie Slopen is with the Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Boston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Slopen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalia Linos, S.\u2009V. Subramanian, Lisa Berkman, and Ichiro Kawachi are with the Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Natalie Slopen is with the Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Boston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. V.","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalia Linos, S.\u2009V. Subramanian, Lisa Berkman, and Ichiro Kawachi are with the Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Natalie Slopen is with the Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Boston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Berkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalia Linos, S.\u2009V. Subramanian, Lisa Berkman, and Ichiro Kawachi are with the Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Natalie Slopen is with the Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Boston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Kawachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalia Linos, S.\u2009V. Subramanian, Lisa Berkman, and Ichiro Kawachi are with the Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Natalie Slopen is with the Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Boston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","unstructured":"World Health Organization\/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: taking action and generating evidence.Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization;2010.Available at:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44350\/1\/9789241564007_eng.pdf. 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