{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:47:09Z","timestamp":1788817629434,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We examined the association between the expansion of methadone and buprenorphine treatment and the prevalence of heroin overdose deaths in Baltimore, Maryland from 1995 to 2009. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We conducted a longitudinal time series analysis of archival data using linear regression with the Newey\u2013West method to correct SEs for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, adjusting for average heroin purity. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Overdose deaths attributed to heroin ranged from a high of 312 in 1999 to a low of 106 in 2008. While mean heroin purity rose sharply (1995\u20131999), the increasing number of patients treated with methadone was not associated with a change in the number of overdose deaths, but starting in 2000 expansion of opioid agonist treatment was associated with a decline in overdose deaths. Adjusting for heroin purity and the number of methadone patients, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between heroin overdose deaths and patients treated with buprenorphine (P\u2009=\u2009.002). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Increased access to opioid agonist treatment was associated with a reduction in heroin overdose deaths. Implementing policies that support evidence-based medication treatment of opiate dependence may decrease heroin overdose deaths. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2012.301049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T22:14:46Z","timestamp":1363299286000},"page":"917-922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":239,"title":["Opioid Agonist Treatments and Heroin Overdose Deaths in Baltimore, Maryland, 1995\u20132009"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert P. Schwartz, Jan Gryczynski, Shannon G. Mitchell, and Jerome H. Jaffe are with the Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD. Robert P. Schwartz and Jerome H. Jaffe are also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Kevin E. O\u2019Grady is with the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park. Joshua M. Sharfstein is with the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore. Gregory Warren and Yngvild Olsen are with Baltimore..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Gryczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert P. Schwartz, Jan Gryczynski, Shannon G. Mitchell, and Jerome H. Jaffe are with the Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD. Robert P. Schwartz and Jerome H. Jaffe are also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Kevin E. O\u2019Grady is with the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park. Joshua M. Sharfstein is with the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore. Gregory Warren and Yngvild Olsen are with Baltimore..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin E.","family":"O\u2019Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert P. Schwartz, Jan Gryczynski, Shannon G. Mitchell, and Jerome H. Jaffe are with the Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD. Robert P. Schwartz and Jerome H. Jaffe are also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Kevin E. O\u2019Grady is with the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park. Joshua M. Sharfstein is with the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore. Gregory Warren and Yngvild Olsen are with Baltimore..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Sharfstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert P. Schwartz, Jan Gryczynski, Shannon G. Mitchell, and Jerome H. Jaffe are with the Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD. Robert P. Schwartz and Jerome H. Jaffe are also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Kevin E. O\u2019Grady is with the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park. Joshua M. 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