{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:02:53Z","timestamp":1783051373576,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"S2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We modeled rates of family and single-adult homelessness in the United States in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions and as a function of community-level demographic, behavioral, health, economic, and safety net characteristics. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We entered community-level characteristics and US Department of Housing and Urban Development point-in-time counts for a single night in January 2009 into separate mixed-effects statistical analyses that modeled homelessness rates for 4 subpopulations: families and single adults in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Community-level factors accounted for 25% to 50% of the variance in homelessness rates across models. In metropolitan regions, alcohol consumption, social support, and several economic indicators were uniquely associated with family homelessness, and drug use and homicide were uniquely associated with single-adult homelessness. In nonmetropolitan regions, life expectancy, religious adherence, unemployment, and rent burden were uniquely associated with family homelessness, and health care access, crime, several economic indicators, and receipt of Supplemental Security Income were uniquely associated with single-adult homelessness. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Considering homeless families and single adults separately enabled more precise modeling of associations between homelessness rates and community-level characteristics, indicating targets for interventions to reduce homelessness among these subpopulations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]],"date-time":"2013-10-22T20:38:05Z","timestamp":1382474285000},"page":"S340-S347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Community-Level Characteristics Associated With Variation in Rates of Homelessness Among Families and Single Adults"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Jamison D.","family":"Fargo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA. Jamison D. Fargo is also with the Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan. Thomas H. Byrne and Dennis P. Culhane are also with the School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Dennis P. Culhane is a guest editor of this supplement issue."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen A.","family":"Munley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA. Jamison D. Fargo is also with the Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan. Thomas H. Byrne and Dennis P. Culhane are also with the School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Dennis P. Culhane is a guest editor of this supplement issue."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA. Jamison D. Fargo is also with the Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan. Thomas H. Byrne and Dennis P. Culhane are also with the School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Dennis P. Culhane is a guest editor of this supplement issue."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Elizabeth","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA. Jamison D. Fargo is also with the Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan. Thomas H. Byrne and Dennis P. Culhane are also with the School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Dennis P. Culhane is a guest editor of this supplement issue."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis P.","family":"Culhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA. Jamison D. Fargo is also with the Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan. Thomas H. Byrne and Dennis P. Culhane are also with the School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Dennis P. Culhane is a guest editor of this supplement issue."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"The 2012 Point-in-Time Estimates of Homelessness: Volume I of the 2012 Annual Homeless Assessment Report","author":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.76.9.1097"},{"key":"bib3","volume-title":"America\u2019s Homeless: Numbers, Characteristics, and Programs that Serve Them","author":"Burt MR","year":"1989"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.11.1651"},{"key":"bib5","volume-title":"Over the Edge: The Growth of Homelessness in the 1980s","author":"Burt MR","year":"1993"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.1996.9521224"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800641"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib8","first-page":"153","volume":"72","author":"Bohanon C","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592335"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/juec.1996.1085"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","first-page":"248","volume":"83","author":"Honig M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib12","first-page":"136","volume":"25","author":"Hudson CG","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sociol Soc Welf"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9906.00168"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3325115"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616710110091525"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465301750160027"},{"key":"bib17","volume-title":"How to House the Homeless","author":"Raphael S","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026479008932"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369108975484"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10911350903269765"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"18","author":"Tucker W","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Spect"},{"key":"bib22","volume-title":"Family Homelessness: Background Research Findings and Policy Options","author":"Shinn MB","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib24","volume-title":"2005-2009 American Community Survey of the United States","author":"US Census Bureau","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib25","volume-title":"Uniform Crime Reports","author":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib26","volume-title":"Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib30","volume-title":"US Religion Census: Religious Congregations and Membership Study (County File)","author":"Association of Religion Data Archives","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib32","volume-title":"State Expenditure Report","author":"National Association of State Budget Officers","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib33","volume-title":"Homeless Resource Exchange","author":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib35","author":"Byrne TH","journal-title":"J Urban Aff"},{"key":"bib37","author":"Essoyan S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hawaii Star Bulletin"},{"key":"bib38","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/229068"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.11.1783"},{"key":"bib41","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Homelessness in America","author":"Koegel P","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301619","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T23:22:07Z","timestamp":1652138527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2013.301619","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}}}