{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:22:16Z","timestamp":1779895336081,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"S3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The integration of public health practices with federal health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI\/ANs) largely derives from three major factors: the sovereign nature of AI\/AN tribes, the sociocultural characteristics exhibited by the tribes, and that AI\/ANs are distinct populations residing in defined geographic areas. The earliest services consisted of smallpox vaccination to a few AI\/AN groups, a purely public health endeavor. Later, emphasis on public health was codified in the Snyder Act of 1921, which provided for, among other things, conservation of the health of AI\/AN persons. Attention to the community was greatly expanded with the 1955 transfer of the Indian Health Service from the US Department of the Interior to the Public Health Service and has continued with the assumption of program operations by many tribes themselves. We trace developments in integration of community and public health practices in the provision of federal health care services for AI\/AN persons and discuss recent trends. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]],"date-time":"2014-04-23T16:45:53Z","timestamp":1398271553000},"page":"S278-S285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Public Health Foundation of Health Services for American Indians &amp; Alaska Natives"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Everett R.","family":"Rhoades","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Everett R. Rhoades is with the Center for American Indian Health Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City. Dorothy A. Rhoades is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy A.","family":"Rhoades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Everett R. Rhoades is with the Center for American Indian Health Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City. Dorothy A. Rhoades is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226221304.001.0001","volume-title":"Indians of North America","author":"Driver HE","year":"1969"},{"key":"bib3","volume-title":"Their Numbers Became Thinned","author":"Dobyns HE","year":"1983"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1922166"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.11.12.1031-a"},{"key":"bib6","volume-title":"A History of Preventive Medicine","author":"Wain H","year":"1970"},{"key":"bib7","volume-title":"Plagues and Politics\u2014The Story of the United States Public Health Service","author":"Mullan F","year":"1989"},{"key":"bib8","volume-title":"Pox Americana\u2014The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82","author":"Fenn EA","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib9","volume-title":"Federal Indian Law","author":"Bennett EF","year":"1958"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/wic.2003.0017"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib15","first-page":"318","volume":"49","author":"Allen VR","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"bib16","unstructured":"US Office of Indian Affairs. 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