{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:14:24Z","timestamp":1772169264873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We explored the relative effects of 2 awareness components\u2014exposure and attention\u2014on racial\/ethnic differences in HIV vaccine trial awareness among men who have sex with men (MSM). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. Surveys assessing awareness of and attitudes toward HIV vaccine trials were administered to 1723 MSM in 6 US cities. Proxy measures of exposure included use of HIV resources and other health care services, community involvement, income, and residence. Attention proxy measures included research attitudes, HIV susceptibility, and HIV message fatigue. Using logistic regression models, we assessed the extent to which these proxies accounted for racial\/ethnic differences in vaccine trial awareness. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. White MSM reported significantly (P\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) higher rates of HIV vaccine trial awareness (22%) compared with Latino (17%), Black (13%) and \u201cother\u201d (13%) MSM. Venue-based exposure proxies and research-directed attitudinal attention proxies were significantly associated with awareness, but only accounted for the White-Latino disparity in awareness. No proxies accounted for the White-Black or White-\u201cother\u201d differentials in awareness. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Sources of disparities in awareness of HIV vaccine trials remain to be explained. Future trials seeking to promote diverse participation should explore additional exposure and attention mediators. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2014.301893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,12]],"date-time":"2014-06-12T20:17:23Z","timestamp":1402604243000},"page":"e112-e118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sources of Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Awareness of HIV Vaccine Trials"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Andrasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stewart","family":"Landers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelly","family":"Karuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Mimiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Buchbinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beryl A.","family":"Koblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael P. Arnold, Michele Andrasik, Shelly Karuna, and Steven Wakefield are with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Stewart Landers is with Boston Health Services, John Snow Inc., Boston, MA. Matthew J. Mimiaga is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Kenneth Mayer is with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Susan Buchbinder is with Bridge HIV, San..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2010.00844.x"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm047"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg206"},{"key":"bib4","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1 Infected Adults and Adolescents","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00008"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309050-00009"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj045"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200109010-00008"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","first-page":"537","volume":"39","author":"Anastos K","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)31541-8"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2005.19.719"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2007.00760.x"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200501010-00017"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.11214.x"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802219606"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522762"},{"key":"bib17","first-page":"CD001230","volume":"3","author":"Johnson WD","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282e9a64b"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9000-7"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331269558"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1995.tb00617.x"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283471efa"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.6.939"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.031583"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30361-8"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490512000509"},{"key":"bib28","volume-title":"Black African American Enrollment in HVTN Vaccine Trials, United States Only\u2014Enrollments Through 4 April 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000152039.88422.ec"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-13-28"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0121-8"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib32","first-page":"630","volume":"88","author":"Harris Y","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3563534"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70576-9"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.12.007"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000179454.93443.60"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2008.07.006"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.12.002"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0269"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2010.12.003"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.064"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2554-6"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-010-0150-x"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2010.525296"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557851003624281"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.182113"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839912460870"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/108107396128248"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/108107396127997"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15245000309114"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054012"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.155234"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T23:57:12Z","timestamp":1652140632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2014.301893","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}}}