{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T09:18:08Z","timestamp":1781342288569,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To better understand jail mental health services entry, we analyzed diagnosis timing relative to solitary confinement, nature of diagnosis, age, and race\/ethnicity. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We analyzed 2011 to 2013 medical records on 45\u2009189 New York City jail first-time admissions. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Of this cohort, 21.2% were aged 21 years or younger, 46.0% were Hispanic, 40.6% were non-Hispanic Black, 8.8% were non-Hispanic White, and 3.9% experienced solitary confinement. Overall, 14.8% received a mental health diagnosis, which was associated with longer average jail stays (120 vs 48 days), higher rates of solitary confinement (13.1% vs 3.9%), and injury (25.4% vs 7.1%). Individuals aged 21 years or younger were less likely than older individuals to receive a mental health diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.80, 0.93; P\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and more likely to experience solitary confinement (OR\u2009=\u20094.99; 95% CI\u2009=\u20094.43, 5.61; P\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Blacks and Hispanics were less likely than Whites to enter the mental health service (OR\u2009=\u20090.57; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.52, 0.63; and OR\u2009=\u20090.49; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.44, 0.53; respectively; P\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), but more likely to experience solitary confinement (OR\u2009=\u20092.52; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.88, 3.83; and OR\u2009=\u20091.65; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.23, 2.22; respectively; P\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. More consideration is needed of race\/ethnicity and age in understanding and addressing the punishment and treatment balance in jails. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2015.302699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T20:32:41Z","timestamp":1437078761000},"page":"1911-1916","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Disparities in Mental Health Referral and Diagnosis in the New York City Jail Mental Health Service"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Fatos","family":"Kaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Solimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Glowa-Kollisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Vise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Rosner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Dickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Angell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homer","family":"Venters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatos Kaba, Angela Solimo, Jasmine Graves, Sarah Glowa-Kollisch, Allison Vise, Ross MacDonald, Anthony Waters, Zachary Rosner, Nathaniel Dickey, and Homer Venters are with the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY. Sonia Angell is with the Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)31302-X"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.03.009"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0340-9"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885508325392"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","first-page":"188","volume":"37","author":"Baillargeon J","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-006-9056-5"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0261"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.6.663"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.12.1133"},{"key":"bib11","volume-title":"Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethnicity, a Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General","author":"Office of the Surgeon General, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institute of Mental Health","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301742"},{"key":"bib14","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201200528"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2111769"},{"key":"bib18","volume-title":"Unequal Treatment Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care; Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","author":"Brian D","year":"2003"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614540307"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:05:22Z","timestamp":1652141122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2015.302699","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}}}