{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:17:43Z","timestamp":1784729863097,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We examined associations between parental and adolescent smoking and nicotine dependence in the United States. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We used data from the 2004 to 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which ascertained smoking behaviors of 1 parent and 1 adolescent aged 12 to 17 years in 35\u2009000 dyads. We estimated associations between parental and adolescent smoking behaviors, adjusted for covariates. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Parental current dependence was strongly associated with adolescents\u2019 lifetime smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u2009=\u20092.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20092.47, 3.55), whereas parental current nondependent smoking (AOR\u2009=\u20092.26; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.92, 2.67) and former smoking (AOR\u2009=\u20091.51; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.31, 1.75) were less strongly associated. Only parental nicotine dependence was associated with adolescent nicotine dependence (AOR\u2009=\u20091.66; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.00, 2.74). Associations between parental and adolescent smoking did not differ by race\/ethnicity. Parents\u2019 education, marital status, and parenting and adolescents' mental health, beliefs about smoking, perception of schoolmates\u2019 smoking, and other substance use predicted adolescent smoking and dependence. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Reducing parental smoking would reduce adolescent smoking. Prevention efforts should encourage parental smoking cessation, improve parenting, address adolescent mental health, and reinforce adolescents' negative beliefs about smoking. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2015.302775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T06:43:41Z","timestamp":1442558621000},"page":"e63-e72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Intergenerational Patterns of Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Among US Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Denise B.","family":"Kandel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Denise B. Kandel and Mei-Chen Hu are with the Department of Psychiatry, and Denise B. Kandel is also with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Denise B. Kandel and Pamela C. 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