{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:29:33Z","timestamp":1761823773086},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. We investigated whether nonmedical opioid pain reliever use is associated with higher mortality in the general US population. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We assessed the history of nonmedical opioid pain reliever use among 9985 people interviewed at baseline of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program initiated in 1981 to 1983 in Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Durham, North Carolina. We linked the data with the National Death Index through 2007. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Nonmedical opioid pain reliever use was 1.4%. Compared with no nonmedical drug use, mortality was increased for nonmedical opioid pain reliever use (hazard ratio [HR]\u2009=\u20091.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.01, 2.53) or nonmedical use of other drugs (HR\u2009=\u20091.31; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.07, 1.62). Mortality was also higher for males and for those beginning nonmedical opioid pain reliever use before aged 15 years. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. A history of nonmedical opioid pain reliever use was associated with increased mortality, in particular for males and early onset users. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2015.302961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T21:40:58Z","timestamp":1450734058000},"page":"509-516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nonmedical Opioid Pain Relievers and All-Cause Mortality: A 27-Year Follow-Up From the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Linda B.","family":"Cottler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda B. Cottler, Hui Hu, and Bryan A. Smallwood are with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville. James C. Anthony is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Li-Tzy Wu is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. William W...."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda B. Cottler, Hui Hu, and Bryan A. Smallwood are with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville. James C. Anthony is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Li-Tzy Wu is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. William W...."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan A.","family":"Smallwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda B. Cottler, Hui Hu, and Bryan A. Smallwood are with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville. James C. Anthony is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Li-Tzy Wu is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. William W...."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda B. Cottler, Hui Hu, and Bryan A. Smallwood are with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville. James C. Anthony is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Li-Tzy Wu is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. William W...."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Tzy","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda B. Cottler, Hui Hu, and Bryan A. Smallwood are with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville. James C. Anthony is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Li-Tzy Wu is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. William W...."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda B. Cottler, Hui Hu, and Bryan A. Smallwood are with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville. James C. Anthony is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Li-Tzy Wu is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. William W...."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"Results From the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/bdf42380-en"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.003"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9422216.x"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1984.45.440"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.10.1307"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089109056241"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt219"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.027"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.01.006"},{"key":"bib12","volume-title":"Epidemiologic Field Methods in Psychiatry: The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program","author":"Eaton WW","year":"1985"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114534"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/267168"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.03.013"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001"},{"key":"bib17","volume-title":"1980-Based Nam-Powers Occupational Status Scores","author":"Nam CB","year":"1988"},{"key":"bib18","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition","year":"1980"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3623"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5594.730"},{"issue":"284","key":"bib21","first-page":"120","volume":"36","author":"Bucknall AB","year":"1986","journal-title":"J R Coll Gen Pract"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb01239.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","first-page":"190","volume":"26","author":"Zhang L","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib24","first-page":"323","volume":"50","author":"Moskalewicz J","year":"1995","journal-title":"Przegl Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00131-4"},{"key":"bib26","volume-title":"Poisson Models for Person-Years and Expected Rates","author":"Atkinson EJ","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302961","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:12:36Z","timestamp":1652141556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2015.302961","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}}}