{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:18:53Z","timestamp":1791353933125,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To examine the association of maternal race\/ethnicity only and parental race\/ethnicity jointly with adverse birth outcomes (low birth weight, small for gestational age, preterm birth, and infant mortality) among New York City women. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We used Bureau of Vital Statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene birth- and death-linked data from 2000 to 2010 (n\u2009=\u2009984\u2009807) to quantify the association of maternal race\/ethnicity and parental race\/ethnicity concordance or discordance with each outcome. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. By maternal race\/ethnicity, infants of non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Asian women had risks of adverse birth outcomes between 10% and 210% greater than infants of non-Hispanic White women. Infants of non-Hispanic Black, Asian, and Hispanic couples exhibited higher risk of adverse birth outcomes than infants of non-Hispanic White couples. Moreover, parental racial\/ethnic discordance was associated with an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, with highest risks for pairings of Asian men with non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic women, and of Asian women with non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic men. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Parental race\/ethnicity discordance may add stress to women during pregnancy, affecting birth outcomes. Thus, parental race\/ethnicity should be considered when examining such outcomes. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2016.303242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T22:41:55Z","timestamp":1466116915000},"page":"1491-1497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Parental Race\/Ethnicity and Adverse Birth Outcomes in New York City: 2000\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Luisa N.","family":"Borrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Luisa N. Borrell is with the Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY. Elena Rodriguez-Alvarez is with the Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and the Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change Group, Leioa, Spain. David A. Savitz is with the Departments of Epidemiology and of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, RI. Maria C. Baquero is with the Department of Health..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rodriguez-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luisa N. Borrell is with the Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY. Elena Rodriguez-Alvarez is with the Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and the Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change Group, Leioa, Spain. David A. Savitz is with the Departments of Epidemiology and of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, RI. Maria C. Baquero is with the Department of Health..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Savitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luisa N. Borrell is with the Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY. Elena Rodriguez-Alvarez is with the Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and the Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change Group, Leioa, Spain. David A. Savitz is with the Departments of Epidemiology and of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, RI. Maria C. Baquero is with the Department of Health..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Baquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luisa N. Borrell is with the Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY. Elena Rodriguez-Alvarez is with the Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and the Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change Group, Leioa, Spain. David A. Savitz is with the Departments of Epidemiology and of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, RI. Maria C. Baquero is with the Department of Health..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged 55\u201364","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"Martin JA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"bib4","volume-title":"Summary of Vital Statistics, 2013: Pregnancy Outcomes","author":"Zimmerman R","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib5","volume-title":"Summary of Vital Statistics, 2013: Infant Mortality","author":"Zimmerman R","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","first-page":"207","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus AT","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0357-x"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9616-9_10"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm180"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.102012"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2005.09.001"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000165274.06811.86"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2009.1561"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib16","first-page":"13","volume":"38","author":"Mangold WD","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Biol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00724.x"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.8.1125"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib19","first-page":"340","volume":"8","author":"Polednak AP","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-014-0385-z"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","first-page":"814","volume":"92","author":"Hessol NA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.065"},{"key":"bib23","volume-title":"Households and Families: 2010. 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