{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:44:02Z","timestamp":1785228242223,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>From 1919 to 1952, approximately 20\u2009000 individuals were sterilized in California\u2019s state institutions on the basis of eugenic laws that sought to control the reproductive capacity of people labeled unfit and defective.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Using data from more than 19\u2009000 sterilization recommendations processed by state institutions over this 33-year period, we provide the most accurate estimate of living sterilization survivors. As of 2016, we estimate that as many as 831 individuals, with an average age of 87.9 years, are alive.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We suggest that California emulate North Carolina and Virginia, states that maintained similar sterilization programs and recently have approved monetary compensation for victims. We discuss the societal obligation for redress of this historical injustice and recommend that California seriously consider reparations and full accountability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2016.303489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,17]],"date-time":"2016-11-17T20:44:44Z","timestamp":1479415484000},"page":"50-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["California\u2019s Sterilization Survivors: An Estimate and Call for Redress"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Alexandra Minna","family":"Stern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandra Minna Stern and Kate O\u2019Connor are with the Department of American Culture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nicole Novak, Siob\u00e1n Harlow, and Sharon Kardia are with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Natalie Lira is with the Department of Latina\/Latino Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandra Minna Stern and Kate O\u2019Connor are with the Department of American Culture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nicole Novak, Siob\u00e1n Harlow, and Sharon Kardia are with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Natalie Lira is with the Department of Latina\/Latino Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandra Minna Stern and Kate O\u2019Connor are with the Department of American Culture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nicole Novak, Siob\u00e1n Harlow, and Sharon Kardia are with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Natalie Lira is with the Department of Latina\/Latino Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandra Minna Stern and Kate O\u2019Connor are with the Department of American Culture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nicole Novak, Siob\u00e1n Harlow, and Sharon Kardia are with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Natalie Lira is with the Department of Latina\/Latino Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siob\u00e1n","family":"Harlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandra Minna Stern and Kate O\u2019Connor are with the Department of American Culture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nicole Novak, Siob\u00e1n Harlow, and Sharon Kardia are with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Natalie Lira is with the Department of Latina\/Latino Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Kardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandra Minna Stern and Kate O\u2019Connor are with the Department of American Culture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nicole Novak, Siob\u00e1n Harlow, and Sharon Kardia are with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Natalie Lira is with the Department of Latina\/Latino Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520917934","volume-title":"Mental Ills and Bodily Cures: Psychiatric Treatment in the First Half of the Twentieth Century","author":"Braslow J","year":"1997"},{"key":"bib2","volume-title":"Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom","author":"Kline W","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520285064.001.0001"},{"key":"bib4","volume-title":"Breeding Contempt: The History of Sterilization in the United States","author":"Largent MA","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.041608"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262015950.003.0019"},{"key":"bib7","volume-title":"Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. 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