{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:18:56Z","timestamp":1786432736263,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To assess trends in cocaine overdose deaths and examine the role opioids play in these deaths. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We used data on drug overdose deaths in the United States from 2000 to 2015 collected in the National Vital Statistics System to calculate annual rates and numbers of cocaine-related overdose deaths overall and deaths both involving and not involving opioids. We assessed statistically significant changes in trends with joinpoint regression. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Rates of cocaine-related overdose deaths increased significantly from 1.26 to 2.50 per 100\u2009000 population from 2000 to 2006, declined to 1.35 in 2010, and increased to 2.13 in 2015. Cocaine-related overdose deaths involving opioids increased from 0.37 to 0.91 from 2000 to 2006, declined to 0.57 in 2010, and then increased to 1.36 in 2015. Cocaine-related overdose deaths not involving opioids increased from 0.89 to 1.59 from 2000 to 2006 and then declined to 0.78 in 2015. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Opioids, primarily heroin and synthetic opioids, have been driving the recent increase in cocaine-related overdose deaths. This corresponds to the growing supply and use of heroin and illicitly manufactured fentanyl in the United States. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2016.303627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]],"date-time":"2017-02-08T21:04:57Z","timestamp":1486587897000},"page":"430-432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Recent Increases in Cocaine-Related Overdose Deaths and the Role of Opioids"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"McCall Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christopher McCall Jones is with the Division of Science Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. Grant T. Baldwin is with the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA. Wilson M. Compton is with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant T.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christopher McCall Jones is with the Division of Science Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. Grant T. Baldwin is with the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA. Wilson M. Compton is with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson M.","family":"Compton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christopher McCall Jones is with the Division of Science Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. Grant T. Baldwin is with the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA. Wilson M. Compton is with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.02.029"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12325"},{"issue":"26","key":"bib3","first-page":"719","volume":"64","author":"Jones CM","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.11859"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a3"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a3"},{"key":"bib7","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision","year":"1992"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-015-0088-4"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6537a6"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303627","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:02:49Z","timestamp":1652140969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2016.303627","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}}}