{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:14:42Z","timestamp":1792206882522,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. To examine differences in rates of opioid overdose death (OOD) between former North Carolina (NC) inmates and NC residents and evaluate factors associated with postrelease OOD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. We linked NC inmate release data to NC death records, calculated OOD standardized mortality ratios to compare former inmates with NC residents, and calculated hazard ratios to identify predictors of time to OOD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Of the 229\u2009274 former inmates released during 2000 to 2015, 1329 died from OOD after release. At 2-weeks, 1-year, and complete follow-up after release, the respective OOD risk among former inmates was 40 (95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u200930, 51), 11 (95% CI\u2009=\u20099.5, 12), and 8.3 (95% CI\u2009=\u20097.8, 8.7) times as high as general NC residents; the corresponding heroin overdose death risk among former inmates was 74 (95% CI\u2009=\u200943, 106), 18 (95% CI\u2009=\u200915, 21), and 14 (95% CI\u2009=\u200913, 16) times as high as general NC residents, respectively. Former inmates at greatest OOD risk were those within the first 2 weeks after release, aged 26 to 50 years, male, White, with more than 2 previous prison terms, and who received in-prison mental health and substance abuse treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. Former inmates are highly vulnerable to opioids and need urgent prevention measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2018.304514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T15:57:35Z","timestamp":1532015855000},"page":"1207-1213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Opioid Overdose Mortality Among Former North Carolina Inmates: 2000\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Shabbar I.","family":"Ranapurwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan E.","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos A.","family":"Alexandridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott K.","family":"Proescholdbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca B.","family":"Naumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Daniel","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1"},{"issue":"26","key":"bib3","first-page":"719","volume":"64","author":"Jones CM","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.008"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2010.08.012"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.12.019"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.121855"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00005"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181873784"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.014"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104040292"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02081.x"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-007-9134-1"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl225"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.640"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02990.x"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.06.042"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq422"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0123"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.04.007"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-08-2016-0039"},{"key":"bib29","volume-title":"National Drug Control Strategy","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib31","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.015"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512453928"},{"key":"bib35","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304514","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T20:29:40Z","timestamp":1652128180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2018.304514","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}}}