{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T01:14:50Z","timestamp":1652145290615},"reference-count":3,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This article recovers the history of Victorian epidemiology through the career of British physician Edward Ballard (1820\u20131897). Ballard\u2019s career provides a useful window into the practices of epidemiology in the 19th century because he held notable public health posts as medical officer of health for Islington and inspector at the Medical Department of the Local Government Board. By the time of his death, in 1897, he typified the transition toward professional epidemiology. In exploring some of the most important environmental and health-related problems in preventive medicine in the 19th century, Ballard was part of a group of influential epidemiologists who studied infectious disease. In particular, he was noted for his research into typhoid fever and industrial health. Yet Ballard\u2019s career has largely been forgotten. In this article, I explore Ballard\u2019s work as a window into the everyday practices of Victorian epidemiology and suggest that the process of professionalizing epidemiology in the 20th century was about forgetting epidemiology\u2019s Victorian past as much as it was about championing it. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2018.304692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T19:56:45Z","timestamp":1540497405000},"page":"1632-1638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Edward Ballard and the Practice of Epidemiology in the 19th-Century United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Steere-Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacob Steere-Williams is with the Department of History, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John Welshman has argued that early-20th-century English medical officers of health were similar in their approach; see \u201cThe Medical Officer of Health in England and Wales, 1900\u20131974: Watchdog or Lapdog?\u201d Journal of Public Health Medicine 19, no. 4 (1997): 443\u2013450.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024675"},{"key":"bib38","author":"Ballard E.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"bib39","author":"Lilienfeld D.","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:35:21Z","timestamp":1652142921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":3,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2018.304692","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}}}