{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:06:09Z","timestamp":1790197569675,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Background. A history of childhood abuse may affect people\u2019s health and criminal justice system involvement. Understanding the prevalence of childhood abuse among individuals in prison is important to inform effective and appropriate correctional services. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Objectives. To review and summarize data on the prevalence of childhood abuse among people experiencing imprisonment in Canada. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Search Methods. We searched for studies in bibliographic indexes, reference lists, and gray literature, and we consulted experts. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Selection Criteria. We included studies published since 1987 that reported data on prevalence of a history of abuse before the age of 18 years among people in Canadian prisons, including any abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Data Collection and Analysis. Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts for eligibility and reviewed full texts for eligibility. Analyses included summary estimates and meta-regression with random effects. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Main Results. The search identified 1429 records. We included 34 unique studies in our review and 29 nonoverlapping studies in our meta-analysis. The summary prevalence for any type of childhood abuse was 65.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u200952.6, 77.7; range\u2009=\u200956.2% to 75.0%) among women; only one study reported the prevalence among men (35.5%). The summary prevalence of sexual abuse was 50.4% (95% CI\u2009=\u200933.5, 67.2; range\u2009=\u20099.9% to 77.3%) among women and 21.9% (95% CI\u2009=\u200915.7, 28.8; range\u2009=\u20098.3% to 55.6%) among men. The prevalence of neglect was 51.5% (95% CI\u2009=\u200943.1, 59.7; range\u2009=\u200945.5% to 65.1%) among women and 42.0% (95% CI\u2009=\u200912.7, 74.6; range\u2009=\u20096.8% to 99.0%) among men. The prevalence of physical abuse was 47.7% (95% CI\u2009=\u200941.3, 54.0; range\u2009=\u200916.3% to 83.0%), and the prevalence of emotional abuse was 51.5% (95% CI\u2009=\u200934.8, 67.9; range\u2009=\u20098.7% to 96.0%); we did not find differences according to gender. Prevalence estimates for all types of abuse showed high and unexplained variability across studies. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Half of people in prisons in Canada experienced abuse in childhood. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Public Health Implications. Prisons should incorporate trauma-informed approaches. Research is required to understand the association between a history of childhood abuse and criminal justice system involvement and to prevent childhood abuse and mitigate its adverse effects. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Systematic Review Registration. PROSPERO CRD42017056192. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2018.304855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T20:58:51Z","timestamp":1548363531000},"page":"e1-e11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["History of Childhood Abuse in Populations Incarcerated in Canada: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Bodkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Claire Bodkin is with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. At the time of the study, Lucie Pivnick was with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University. Susan J. Bondy is with the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Carolyn Ziegler is with St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto. Ruth Elwood Martin is with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Pivnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claire Bodkin is with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. At the time of the study, Lucie Pivnick was with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University. Susan J. Bondy is with the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Carolyn Ziegler is with St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto. Ruth Elwood Martin is with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Bondy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claire Bodkin is with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. At the time of the study, Lucie Pivnick was with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University. Susan J. Bondy is with the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Carolyn Ziegler is with St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto. Ruth Elwood Martin is with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claire Bodkin is with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. At the time of the study, Lucie Pivnick was with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University. Susan J. Bondy is with the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Carolyn Ziegler is with St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto. Ruth Elwood Martin is with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth Elwood","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claire Bodkin is with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. At the time of the study, Lucie Pivnick was with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University. Susan J. Bondy is with the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Carolyn Ziegler is with St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto. Ruth Elwood Martin is with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carey","family":"Jernigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claire Bodkin is with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. At the time of the study, Lucie Pivnick was with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University. Susan J. Bondy is with the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Carolyn Ziegler is with St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto. Ruth Elwood Martin is with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Kouyoumdjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claire Bodkin is with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. At the time of the study, Lucie Pivnick was with the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University. Susan J. Bondy is with the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Carolyn Ziegler is with St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto. Ruth Elwood Martin is with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","first-page":"215","volume":"62","author":"Kouyoumdjian F","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9051908"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib5","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"Baglivio MT","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Juv Justice"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.01.011"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018795269"},{"key":"bib10","volume-title":"Intergenerational Transmission of Violence","author":"Widom CS","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.131792"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764012461235"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.2.329"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.082016"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym018"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-39"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010"},{"key":"bib26","volume-title":"Meta-Analysis in Stata: An Updated Collection from the Stata Journal","author":"Palmer TM","year":"2016","edition":"2"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800102"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2008.00552.x"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729756"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177706875"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn204"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0"},{"key":"bib35","volume-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Psychological Effects of Long Term Imprisonment: A Cross-Sectional Sample of Long Term Offenders in the Pacific Region of Canada","author":"Karim N.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib36","volume-title":"Criminal Behavior, Violent Behavior, and Prison Maladjustment in Federal Female Offenders","author":"Loucks AD","year":"1996"},{"key":"bib37","volume-title":"A Profile of Women Who Sexually Offend","author":"Allenby K","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X07303907"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib39","first-page":"1071","volume":"62","author":"Chubaty DE","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diss Abstr Int B Sci Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib40","first-page":"13","volume":"14","author":"Chubaty DE","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forum Correct Res"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345814541529"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028057"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559512466956"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906329600800102"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2527(92)90030-5"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X9203600205"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib47","first-page":"20","volume":"7","author":"Forth A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Forum Correct Res"},{"key":"bib48","volume-title":"Patterns of Substance Use in Adolescent Male Young Offenders: Relationships With Child Maltreatment Experiences and Their Inculcation of Antisocial Identities","author":"Fraser S","year":"2001"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib49","first-page":"4205","volume":"62","author":"Fraser S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diss Abstr Int B Sci Eng"},{"key":"bib50","volume-title":"Report on Self-Injurious Behaviour in the Kingston Prison for Women","author":"Heney J","year":"1990"},{"key":"bib51","volume-title":"Dying on the Inside: Suicide and Suicidal Feelings Among Federally Incarcerated Women","author":"Heney J","year":"1996"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib52","first-page":"6574","volume":"57","author":"Heney J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diss Abstr Int B Sci Eng"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-09-2013-0043"},{"key":"bib56","volume-title":"Ethnocultural Offenders: An Initial Investigation of Social History Variables at Intake","author":"Keown L","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320001200103"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10720160601011281"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900505"},{"key":"bib60","volume-title":"Etude du Rapport \u00e0 la Paternit\u00e9 et des Perceptions des Figures Parentales des P\u00e8res Incestueux","author":"Milcent M-P","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib61","volume-title":"The Validity of Offender Needs Identification and Analysis in Community Corrections","author":"Motiuk LL","year":"1994"},{"key":"bib62","volume-title":"Risk Factors for Violence: A Comparison of Domestic Batterers and Other Violent and Non-Violent Offenders","author":"Mowat-Leger V","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.01.008"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00054"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2013.12.007"},{"key":"bib68","volume-title":"Understanding the Issue of Dropouts: A Young Offender Perspective","author":"Smale WT","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib69","volume-title":"Youth Violence and Victimization: Exploring the Cycle of Violence","author":"Smith A","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib70","volume-title":"Risk Assessment of Federal Female Offenders","author":"Stewart CA","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib71","volume-title":"Social Determinants of Physical Health Conditions Among Incoming Canadian Federal Inmates","author":"Stewart L","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib72","volume-title":"Reliability and Validity of the Dynamic Factors Identification and Analysis","author":"Stewart LA","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib73","volume-title":"Female Offenders: Attachment & Parenthood","author":"Swihart G","year":"2002"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379804300106"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X97414005"},{"key":"bib77","volume-title":"Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers","author":"Wolf Harlow C","year":"1999"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.4.469"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626098013003003"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)61045-1"},{"key":"bib81","volume-title":"Women in California Prisons: Hidden Victims of the War on Drugs","author":"Bloom B","year":"1994"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854897024004004"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490009552052"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.03.004"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e317972004-001"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.1.29","volume":"88","author":"Feldman W","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.36.11.03"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib88","first-page":"2052","volume":"66","author":"Stiles MM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-585"},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195133646.001.0001"},{"key":"bib92","volume-title":"Meta-Analysis, Decision Analysis, and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Methods for Quantitative Synthesis in Medicine","author":"Petitti DB","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a117"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304855","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:25:55Z","timestamp":1652142355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2018.304855","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}}}