{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:51:36Z","timestamp":1790153496394,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To determine the number of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Canada and the annual coverage of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) and needle-and-syringe provision for PWID. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We estimated the number of PWID in 11 of 13 Canadian provinces and territories in 2011 by using indirect multiplier methods based on provincial and territorial methadone recipient totals and proportion of surveyed PWID receiving methadone. We modeled annual increases for 2011 to 2016 on Quebec and British Columbia longitudinal data. We calculated needle-and-syringe coverage (World Health Organization [WHO] recommendation: \u2265\u2009200 per PWID) and OAT coverage (WHO recommendation: \u2265\u200940 per 100 PWID) per province and territory annually. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. An estimated 130\u2009000 individuals in Canada (0.55%) injected drugs in 2011, increasing to 171\u2009900 individuals (0.70%) in 2016. Needle-and-syringe coverage increased from 193 to 291 per PWID, and OAT coverage increased from 55 to 66 per 100 PWID over the study period. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. While the number of PWID increased between 2011 and 2016, OAT coverage remained high, and needle-and-syringe coverage generally improved over time. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Public Health Implications. These data will inform public health surveillance, service planning, and resource allocation, and assist monitoring of treatment and harm-reduction coverage outcomes. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2019.305379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T20:59:01Z","timestamp":1573765141000},"page":"45-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Prevalence of Injecting Drug Use and Coverage of Interventions to Prevent HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in Canada"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Brendan","family":"Jacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brendan Jacka, Stine Hoj, and Julie Bruneau are with Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. Canada. Sarah Larney and Louisa Degenhardt are with National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia. Naveed Janjua and Mel Krajden are with British Columbia Centres for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Jason Grebely is with The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Larney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brendan Jacka, Stine Hoj, and Julie Bruneau are with Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. Canada. Sarah Larney and Louisa Degenhardt are with National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia. Naveed Janjua and Mel Krajden are with British Columbia Centres for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Jason Grebely is with The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brendan Jacka, Stine Hoj, and Julie Bruneau are with Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. Canada. Sarah Larney and Louisa Degenhardt are with National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia. Naveed Janjua and Mel Krajden are with British Columbia Centres for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Jason Grebely is with The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Janjua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brendan Jacka, Stine Hoj, and Julie Bruneau are with Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. Canada. Sarah Larney and Louisa Degenhardt are with National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia. Naveed Janjua and Mel Krajden are with British Columbia Centres for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Jason Grebely is with The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stine","family":"H\u00f8j","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brendan Jacka, Stine Hoj, and Julie Bruneau are with Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. Canada. Sarah Larney and Louisa Degenhardt are with National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia. Naveed Janjua and Mel Krajden are with British Columbia Centres for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Jason Grebely is with The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Krajden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brendan Jacka, Stine Hoj, and Julie Bruneau are with Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. Canada. Sarah Larney and Louisa Degenhardt are with National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia. Naveed Janjua and Mel Krajden are with British Columbia Centres for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Jason Grebely is with The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Grebely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brendan Jacka, Stine Hoj, and Julie Bruneau are with Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. Canada. Sarah Larney and Louisa Degenhardt are with National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia. Naveed Janjua and Mel Krajden are with British Columbia Centres for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Jason Grebely is with The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bruneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brendan Jacka, Stine Hoj, and Julie Bruneau are with Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. Canada. Sarah Larney and Louisa Degenhardt are with National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia. Naveed Janjua and Mel Krajden are with British Columbia Centres for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 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