{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:03:06Z","timestamp":1790085786913,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To examine associations between caregiving mental or behavioral health outcomes among emerging US adults, defined as persons aged 18 to 25 years. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. The study sample included emerging adult respondents to the 2015\u20132017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System\u2019s caregiving module. Exposures were caregiver (n\u2009=\u20093087), expectant caregiver (n\u2009=\u20092303), and noncaregiver (n\u2009=\u200912\u2009216) status. Expectant caregivers were defined as persons not currently providing care but anticipating doing so within the next 2 years. Outcomes included frequent mental distress (FMD), drinking (binge or heavy), and current smoking (cigarette or e-cigarette use). We used robust Poisson regression to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We adjusted all models for income. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Caregivers had a similar prevalence of FMD when compared with both expectant caregivers (APR\u2009=\u20091.67; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.28, 2.17) and noncaregivers (APR\u2009=\u20091.50; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.23, 1.82). Caregivers had a higher prevalence of current cigarette smoking compared with noncaregivers (APR\u2009=\u20091.44; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.21, 1.71). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Among emerging adults, providing care is associated with poorer mental health. Point estimates looking at FMD were higher when we compared caregivers with expectant caregivers, suggesting a difference in exchangeability between comparison groups. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Public Health Implications. This study highlights the importance of including emerging adults in caregiving research. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2020.305894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T20:00:27Z","timestamp":1602792027000},"page":"1853-1860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Impact of Caregiving During Emerging Adulthood on Frequent Mental Distress, Smoking, and Drinking Behaviors: United States, 2015\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Grenard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle. Deborah L. Grenard is also with the University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and the University of Washington Leadership Excellence in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities Program, Seattle. Esteban J. Valencia is also with University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and University of Washington Center for the Study of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban J.","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle. Deborah L. Grenard is also with the University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and the University of Washington Leadership Excellence in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities Program, Seattle. Esteban J. Valencia is also with University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and University of Washington Center for the Study of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle. Deborah L. Grenard is also with the University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and the University of Washington Leadership Excellence in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities Program, Seattle. Esteban J. Valencia is also with University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and University of Washington Center for the Study of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Winer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle. Deborah L. Grenard is also with the University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and the University of Washington Leadership Excellence in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities Program, Seattle. Esteban J. Valencia is also with University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and University of Washington Center for the Study of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyson J.","family":"Littman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All authors are with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle. Deborah L. Grenard is also with the University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and the University of Washington Leadership Excellence in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities Program, Seattle. Esteban J. Valencia is also with University of Washington Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health and University of Washington Center for the Study of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300044"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.8.1305"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395313506947"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd10.130090"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-016-9526-7"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx384"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.067702"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.01.008"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12586"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt226"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14","first-page":"A46","volume":"6","author":"DeFries EL","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2015.0162"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198117705164"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304670"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305894","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T01:01:13Z","timestamp":1652144473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2020.305894","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}}}