{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T16:22:47Z","timestamp":1774887767123,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":2,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, many state governors faced an increasing number of acts of defiance as well as political and legal challenges to their public health emergency orders. Less well studied are the similar acts of protest that occurred during the 1918\u20131919 influenza pandemic, when residents, business owners, clergy, and even local politicians grew increasingly restless by the ongoing public health measures, defied public health edicts, and agitated to have them rescinded. We explore several of the themes that emerged during the late fall of 1918 and conclude that, although the nation seems to be following the same path as it did in 1918, the motivations for pushback to the 2020 pandemic are decidedly more political than they were a century ago. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2020.305958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T21:01:26Z","timestamp":1611262886000},"page":"416-422","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Politics, Pushback, and Pandemics: Challenges to Public Health Orders in the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"J. Alexander","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Alexander Navarro and Howard Markel are with the Center for the History of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Markel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Alexander Navarro and Howard Markel are with the Center for the History of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib8","volume-title":"The Healthiest City: Milwaukee and the Politics of Health Reform","author":"Leavitt Judith W.","year":"1982"},{"key":"bib42","volume-title":"Newark: The Nation\u2019s Unhealthiest City, 1832\u20131895","author":"Galishoff Stuart","year":"1988"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305958","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T01:05:50Z","timestamp":1652144750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":2,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2020.305958","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}}}