{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:39:49Z","timestamp":1791495589582,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. To better understand racial and ethnic disparities in US maternal mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. We analyzed 2016\u20132017 vital statistics mortality data with cause-of-death literals (actual words written on the death certificate) added. We created a subset of confirmed maternal deaths that had pregnancy mentions in the cause-of-death literals. Primary cause of death was identified and recoded using cause-of-death literals. We examined racial and ethnic disparities both overall and by primary cause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. The maternal mortality rate for non-Hispanic Black women was 3.55 times that for non-Hispanic White women. Leading causes of maternal death for non-Hispanic Black women were eclampsia and preeclampsia and postpartum cardiomyopathy with rates 5 times those for non-Hispanic White women. Non-Hispanic Black maternal mortality rates from obstetric embolism and obstetric hemorrhage were 2.3 to 2.6 times those for non-Hispanic White women. Together, these 4 causes accounted for 59% of the non-Hispanic Black\u2012non-Hispanic White maternal mortality disparity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. The prominence of cardiovascular-related conditions among the leading causes of confirmed maternal death, particularly for non-Hispanic Black women, necessitates increased vigilance for cardiovascular problems during the pregnant and postpartum period. Many of these deaths are preventable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2021.306375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T16:01:33Z","timestamp":1628784093000},"page":"1673-1681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":281,"title":["Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Mortality in the United States Using Enhanced Vital Records, 2016\u20122017"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Marian F.","family":"MacDorman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marian F. MacDorman is with the Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park. Marie Thoma is with the School of Public Health, University of Maryland. Eugene Declercq is with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Elizabeth A. Howell is with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Thoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marian F. MacDorman is with the Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park. Marie Thoma is with the School of Public Health, University of Maryland. Eugene Declercq is with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Elizabeth A. Howell is with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Declcerq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marian F. MacDorman is with the Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park. Marie Thoma is with the School of Public Health, University of Maryland. Eugene Declercq is with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Elizabeth A. Howell is with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marian F. MacDorman is with the Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park. Marie Thoma is with the School of Public Health, University of Maryland. Eugene Declercq is with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Elizabeth A. Howell is with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"Births, infant mortality, maternal mortality. 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