{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:32:24Z","timestamp":1787023944087,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. To quantify the relationship between the segregation of Black, Indigenous, and Latinx communities and COVID-19 testing sites in populous US cities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. We mapped testing sites as of June 2020 in New York City; Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; and Houston, Texas; we applied Bayesian methods to estimate the association between testing site location and the proportion of the population that is Black, Latinx, or Indigenous per block group, the smallest unit for which the US Census collects sociodemographic data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. In New York City, Chicago, and Houston, the expected number of testing sites decreased by 1.29%, 3.05%, and 1.06%, respectively, for each percentage point increase in the Black population. In Chicago, Houston, and Los Angeles, testing sites decreased by 5.64%, 1.95%, and 1.69%, respectively, for each percentage point increase in the Latinx population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. In the largest highly segregated US cities, neighborhoods with more Black and Latinx residents had fewer COVID-19 testing sites, likely limiting these communities\u2019 participation in the early response to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Public Health Implications. In light of conversations on the ethics of racial vaccine prioritization, authorities should consider structural barriers to COVID-19 control efforts. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(3):518\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306558 )<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2021.306558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T16:02:01Z","timestamp":1645632121000},"page":"518-526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Racial\/Ethnic Segregation and Access to COVID-19 Testing: Spatial Distribution of COVID-19 Testing Sites in the Four Largest Highly Segregated Cities in the United States"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Emmanuella Ngozi","family":"Asabor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emmanuella Ngozi Asabor is an MD\u2013PhD student with the Epidemiology Department, Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, CT. Joshua L. Warren is with the Biostatistics Department, Yale University School of Public Health. Ted Cohen is with the Epidemiology Department, Yale University School of Public Health."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua L.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emmanuella Ngozi Asabor is an MD\u2013PhD student with the Epidemiology Department, Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, CT. Joshua L. Warren is with the Biostatistics Department, Yale University School of Public Health. Ted Cohen is with the Epidemiology Department, Yale University School of Public Health."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emmanuella Ngozi Asabor is an MD\u2013PhD student with the Epidemiology Department, Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, CT. Joshua L. Warren is with the Biostatistics Department, Yale University School of Public Health. Ted Cohen is with the Epidemiology Department, Yale University School of Public Health."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.05.004"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305766"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa076"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","first-page":"650","volume":"95","author":"Bell MC.","year":"2020","journal-title":"NYU Law Rev."},{"key":"bib9","author":"Lett E","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-019-00313-y"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3644339"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112570"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305656"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v055.i13"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1284-3_4"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06601-2"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000105"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13558"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.036"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30164-X"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12528"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30","first-page":"182","volume":"325","author":"Erfani P","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1094"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/wicazosareview.33.2.0049"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20571"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib35","first-page":"185","volume":"20","author":"Releford BJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethn Dis."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1652130111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2021.306558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}}}