{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:52:55Z","timestamp":1789523575011,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Contact tracing\u2014the process of identifying, isolating, and managing infected persons and their contacts\u2014is a recognized public health measure for controlling the transmission of infectious diseases. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing has received intense attention. We provide a brief overview of the history of contact tracing during several major disease outbreaks in the past century: syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections, HIV infection, tuberculosis, Ebola virus disease, and COVID-19. Our discussion on the barriers to and facilitators of contact tracing offers a perspective on societal and institutional roles and dynamics, stigma as a major barrier to effective tracing efforts, and how the nature and epidemiology of the infection itself can affect its success. We explore the evolution and adaptation of contact tracing and provide insights for future programming and research. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(7):1025\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306842 )<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2022.306842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T16:04:57Z","timestamp":1654185897000},"page":"1025-1033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Contact Tracing: Barriers and Facilitators"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Wafaa M.","family":"El-Sadr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wafaa M. El-Sadr and Joey Platt are with ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Melanie Bernitz is with Columbia Health, Columbia University. Melissa Reyes is with Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joey","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wafaa M. El-Sadr and Joey Platt are with ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Melanie Bernitz is with Columbia Health, Columbia University. Melissa Reyes is with Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Bernitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wafaa M. El-Sadr and Joey Platt are with ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Melanie Bernitz is with Columbia Health, Columbia University. Melissa Reyes is with Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wafaa M. El-Sadr and Joey Platt are with ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Melanie Bernitz is with Columbia Health, Columbia University. Melissa Reyes is with Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00304-0"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90365-4"},{"key":"bib6","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.","author":"Goffman E.","year":"1963"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00384-6"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07751-7"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0138-z"},{"key":"bib11","volume-title":"No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880.","author":"Brandt AM.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bib12","first-page":"405","volume":"405","author":"Parran T.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Surv Graph."},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/156769a0"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.281.6234.206"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","first-page":"203","volume":"45","author":"Burnham JC.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med."},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1049-3867(05)80105-7"},{"key":"bib18","volume-title":"The Future of Public Health.","author":"US Institute of Medicine, Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health","year":"1988"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01494.x"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/24205"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X702533"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3276007"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730020001001"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01460860600677577"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2010.0109"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.002"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.8.1158"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606063342312"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-006-9117-3"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1250-8"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11596-w"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8030253"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2014.0076"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib38","first-page":"4","volume":"7","author":"Barrett K","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS Anal Afr."},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-11-7"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0724-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib46","first-page":"124","volume":"45","author":"Christie TKS","year":"2003","journal-title":"B C Med J."},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001697"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318202bf7d"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02048-1"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.11.1808"},{"key":"bib53","volume-title":"Brief History of the Campaign Against Tuberculosis in New York City; Catalogue of the Tuberculosis Exhibit of the Department of Health, City of New York, 1908.","author":"New York Department of Health","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03080250023005"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68384-0"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.18.0055"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400394X"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243988"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S407"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib61","first-page":"603","volume":"8","author":"Hoa NP","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00182-X"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-154"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000515"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209098"},{"key":"bib67","volume-title":"Tuberculosis in Rocinha: analysis of epidemiological and operational indicators after 100% coverage of the Family Health Strategy [master\u2019s thesis].","author":"Durovni PBP.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31364-9"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.08.005"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5089"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/\/eid2111.150684"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.10.025"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib75","first-page":"183","volume":"64","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5158-6"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.686540"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1789194"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib79","first-page":"169","volume":"9","author":"Holding M","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health."},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6911e1"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306721"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306244"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241473"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib92","first-page":"1064","volume":"6","author":"Leslie M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering (Beijing"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19857"},{"key":"bib94","volume-title":"Module 1: Prevention.","author":"WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30457-6"},{"key":"bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201310-1846OC"},{"key":"bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2018053"},{"key":"bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100814118"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306842","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T16:04:31Z","timestamp":1655827471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2022.306842","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}