{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:17:41Z","timestamp":1790108261774,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To examine and compare how 4 indices of population-level social disadvantage\u2014the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), the COVID-19 Community Vulnerability Index (CCVI), and the Minority Health\u2013Social Vulnerability Index (MH-SVI)\u2014are associated with COVID-19 outcomes. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. Spatial autoregressive models adjusted for population density, urbanicity, and state fixed effects were used to estimate associations of county-level SVI, MH-SVI, CCVI, and ADI values with COVID-19 incidence and mortality. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. All 4 disadvantage indices had similar positive associations with COVID-19 incidence. Each index was also significantly associated with COVID-19 mortality, but the ADI had a stronger association than the CCVI, MH-SVI, and SVI. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Despite differences in component measures and weighting, all 4 of the indices we assessed demonstrated associations between greater disadvantage and COVID-19 incidence and mortality. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Public Health Implications. Our findings suggest that each of the 4 disadvantage indices can be used to assist public health leaders in targeting ongoing first-dose and booster or third-dose vaccines as well as new vaccines or other resources to regions most vulnerable to negative COVID-19 outcomes, weighing potential tradeoffs in their political and practical acceptability. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(11):1584\u20131588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307018 ) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2022.307018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T20:00:46Z","timestamp":1663272046000},"page":"1584-1588","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Associations of 4 Geographic Social Vulnerability Indices With US COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Renuka","family":"Tipirneni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renuka Tipirneni is with the Division of General Medicine and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Harald Schmidt is with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, and the Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Paula M. Lantz is with the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, Department of Health Management and Policy, School of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renuka Tipirneni is with the Division of General Medicine and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Harald Schmidt is with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, and the Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Paula M. Lantz is with the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, Department of Health Management and Policy, School of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula M.","family":"Lantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renuka Tipirneni is with the Division of General Medicine and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Harald Schmidt is with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, and the Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Paula M. Lantz is with the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, Department of Health Management and Policy, School of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monita","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renuka Tipirneni is with the Division of General Medicine and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Harald Schmidt is with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, and the Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Paula M. Lantz is with the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, Department of Health Management and Policy, School of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01379-6"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2021.4501"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20571"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.36462"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-2615"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7022e1"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjdsi.2021.100583"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T20:09:05Z","timestamp":1665605345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2022.307018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}}}