{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T02:57:01Z","timestamp":1784689021567,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To analyze War on Drugs encounters and their relationships to health care utilization among White people who use drugs (PWUD) in 22 Appalachian rural counties in Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, and North Carolina. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We recruited White PWUD using chain referral sampling in 2018 to 2020. Surveys asked about criminal\u2013legal encounters, unmet health care needs, and other covariates. We used generalized estimating equations to regress unmet need on criminal\u2013legal encounters in multivariable models. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. In this sample (n\u2009=\u2009957), rates of stop and search, arrest, incarceration, and community supervision were high (44.0%, 26.8%, 36.3%, and 31.1%, respectively), as was unmet need (68.5%). Criminal\u2013legal encounters were unrelated to unmet need (stops: adjusted prevalence ratio [APR]\u2009=\u20091.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.97, 1.32; arrest: APR\u2009=\u20090.95; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.78, 1.15; incarceration: APR\u2009=\u20091.01; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.89, 1.14; community supervision: APR\u2009=\u20090.99; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.90, 1.09). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Contrasting with findings from predominantly Black urban areas, criminal\u2013legal encounters and unmet need were unrelated among White Appalachian PWUD. Research should explore whether and under what conditions White supremacy\u2019s benefits might buffer adverse impacts of the War on Drugs in Appalachia. ( Am J Public Health. 2024;114(10):1086\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307744 ) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2024.307744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T20:16:01Z","timestamp":1725480961000},"page":"1086-1096","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The War on Drugs, Racialized Capitalism, and Health Care Utilization Among White People Who Use Drugs in 22 Rural Appalachian Counties"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0521-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah L.\u2009F.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie D.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Feinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra L.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umed","family":"Ibragimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasfia","family":"Jahangir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Mullany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. 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Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. Judith Feinberg and Gordon Smith were with the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown. Vivian Go and William C. Miller were with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill. Leslie Salas-Hernandez was with..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2700-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Salas-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of writing, Hannah L.\u2009F. Cooper, Melvin \u201cDouglas\u201d Livingston, Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra L. Ford, Umed Ibragimov, Tasfia Jahangir, Anna Mullany, and Snigdha Peddireddy were with the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. 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