{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T02:17:07Z","timestamp":1775441827724,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To quantify the effects of 5 jurisdiction-level COVID-19 policies on chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis rates in 22 US jurisdictions between January 2020 and December 2021. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We applied a mixed-effects, negative binomial, interrupted time series model to estimate the impact that each policy of interest had on reported cases. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Mandatory stay-at-home periods were associated with a decrease in reported chlamydia (incident rate ratio [IRR]\u2009=\u20090.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.71, 0.80) and gonorrhea (IRR\u2009=\u20090.85; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.78, 0.94) cases. We also observed decreased chlamydia case reporting when gatherings were restricted to 10 people (IRR\u2009=\u20090.88; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.85, 0.92), masking was recommended (IRR\u2009=\u20090.90; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.85, 0.97), or polymerase chain reaction testing was limited to symptomatic individuals (IRR\u2009=\u20090.72; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.67, 0.77). Universal vaccine access corresponded to decreases in reported gonorrhea (IRR\u2009=\u20090.83; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.75, 0.92) but increases in syphilis (IRR\u2009=\u20091.33; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.04, 1.70) cases. We also observed effects by sex, race, and ethnicity. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. COVID-19 policies had disparate effects on sexually transmitted infection rates that varied across demographic groups. Overall results were attenuated after the first lockdown period (March\u2013May 2020), but demographic variations persisted. ( Am J Public Health. 2025;115(5):789\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307957 ) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2024.307957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T15:39:06Z","timestamp":1740152346000},"page":"789-798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["COVID-19 Policies and Sexually Transmitted Infections in 22 US States, January 2020\u2013December 2021"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine C.","family":"Pollack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine C. Pollack is with the Decision Systems Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD. Georgia H. Redd and Collin M. Timm are with the Applied Biological Sciences Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Yukari C. Manabe is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6860-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia H.","family":"Redd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine C. Pollack is with the Decision Systems Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD. Georgia H. Redd and Collin M. Timm are with the Applied Biological Sciences Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Yukari C. Manabe is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7804-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collin M.","family":"Timm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine C. Pollack is with the Decision Systems Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD. Georgia H. Redd and Collin M. Timm are with the Applied Biological Sciences Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Yukari C. Manabe is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8619-5598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukari C.","family":"Manabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine C. Pollack is with the Decision Systems Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD. Georgia H. Redd and Collin M. Timm are with the Applied Biological Sciences Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Yukari C. Manabe is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","first-page":"195","volume":"21","author":"Chow EJ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101882"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001506"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001566","volume":"49","author":"Wright SS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001463","volume":"48","author":"Berzkalns A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.03.009"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002640"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001675"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib9","first-page":"536","volume":"50","author":"Pollack CC","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S241085"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248849"},{"key":"bib14","first-page":"2021","volume":"5","author":"Deane C","journal-title":"March"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2005241118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005241118","volume":"118","author":"Vigfusson Y","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-024-01342-9","volume":"49","author":"Shank F","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Community Health."},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001306"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001198"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03788-1","volume":"27","author":"Holt M","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002462"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13374"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-022-00733-8","volume":"20","author":"Storer D","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Res Social Policy."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib23","first-page":"687","volume":"50","author":"Ratnayake A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"issue":"496","key":"bib24","first-page":"1","author":"Gregory ECW","year":"2024","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307957","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T20:01:47Z","timestamp":1744228907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2024.307957","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}