{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T20:40:04Z","timestamp":1752093604894,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To characterize youth detention and incarceration facility closure attempts in the United States from January 2010 to February 2023 and inform ongoing attempts for facility closure. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We conducted a landscape analysis of youth facilities with stated intent to close during our study period. For each facility, we coded for jurisdiction (state vs local), year of attempt, stated reasons for closure, outcome of the facility (closed, remained open, or other), facility size, and what happened to youths after the facility closed. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. We identified a total of 118 facilities in 33 states that had committed to closure in our study period. The most cited reasons for the intention to close were cost (69% of facilities), declining numbers (46%), operational and facilities issues (36%), reform (33%), and conditions of confinement and abuse (30%). Sixty-two percent of identified facilities closed (n\u2009=\u200973). <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Most facilities that had announced closures did close. For facilities that closed, the most commonly cited reasons were cost and decreasing numbers. Reform as a reason was more common in facilities that remained open than closed. ( Am J Public Health. 2025;115(8):1299\u20131307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308118 ) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2025.308118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T15:58:59Z","timestamp":1749743939000},"page":"1299-1307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Youth Detention and Incarceration Facilities in the United States (2010 to February 2023): Mapping Closure Intents and Implementation"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7441-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emily J. Johnson was with the King County Department of Community and Human Services, Seattle, WA, at the time of this study, and Hunter Pluckebaum was with Allies in Healthier Systems for Health & Abundance in Youth (AHSHAY), Seattle. Karin D. Martin is with the Evans School of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Washington, Seattle. Sheila Ater Capestany is with the King County Department of Community and Human Services. Benjamin Danielson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. Brenda Majercin and Vivian H. Lyons are affiliated with the AHSHAY Center, Seattle."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hunter","family":"Pluckebaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emily J. Johnson was with the King County Department of Community and Human Services, Seattle, WA, at the time of this study, and Hunter Pluckebaum was with Allies in Healthier Systems for Health & Abundance in Youth (AHSHAY), Seattle. Karin D. Martin is with the Evans School of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Washington, Seattle. Sheila Ater Capestany is with the King County Department of Community and Human Services. Benjamin Danielson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. Brenda Majercin and Vivian H. Lyons are affiliated with the AHSHAY Center, Seattle."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1094-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin D.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emily J. Johnson was with the King County Department of Community and Human Services, Seattle, WA, at the time of this study, and Hunter Pluckebaum was with Allies in Healthier Systems for Health & Abundance in Youth (AHSHAY), Seattle. Karin D. Martin is with the Evans School of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Washington, Seattle. Sheila Ater Capestany is with the King County Department of Community and Human Services. Benjamin Danielson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. Brenda Majercin and Vivian H. Lyons are affiliated with the AHSHAY Center, Seattle."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Danielson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emily J. Johnson was with the King County Department of Community and Human Services, Seattle, WA, at the time of this study, and Hunter Pluckebaum was with Allies in Healthier Systems for Health & Abundance in Youth (AHSHAY), Seattle. Karin D. Martin is with the Evans School of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Washington, Seattle. Sheila Ater Capestany is with the King County Department of Community and Human Services. Benjamin Danielson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. Brenda Majercin and Vivian H. Lyons are affiliated with the AHSHAY Center, Seattle."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Majercin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emily J. Johnson was with the King County Department of Community and Human Services, Seattle, WA, at the time of this study, and Hunter Pluckebaum was with Allies in Healthier Systems for Health & Abundance in Youth (AHSHAY), Seattle. Karin D. Martin is with the Evans School of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Washington, Seattle. Sheila Ater Capestany is with the King County Department of Community and Human Services. Benjamin Danielson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. Brenda Majercin and Vivian H. Lyons are affiliated with the AHSHAY Center, Seattle."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila Ater","family":"Capestany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emily J. Johnson was with the King County Department of Community and Human Services, Seattle, WA, at the time of this study, and Hunter Pluckebaum was with Allies in Healthier Systems for Health & Abundance in Youth (AHSHAY), Seattle. Karin D. Martin is with the Evans School of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Washington, Seattle. Sheila Ater Capestany is with the King County Department of Community and Human Services. Benjamin Danielson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. Brenda Majercin and Vivian H. Lyons are affiliated with the AHSHAY Center, Seattle."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian H.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emily J. Johnson was with the King County Department of Community and Human Services, Seattle, WA, at the time of this study, and Hunter Pluckebaum was with Allies in Healthier Systems for Health & Abundance in Youth (AHSHAY), Seattle. Karin D. Martin is with the Evans School of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Washington, Seattle. Sheila Ater Capestany is with the King County Department of Community and Human Services. Benjamin Danielson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. Brenda Majercin and Vivian H. Lyons are affiliated with the AHSHAY Center, Seattle."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"volume-title":"Why Youth Incarceration Fails: An Updated Review of the Evidence.","year":"2022","author":"Mendel R.","key":"bib1"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370809358018"},{"volume-title":"Cross-national comparison of youth justice.","year":"2008","author":"Hazel N.","key":"bib3"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-criminol-060520-033306"},{"volume-title":"Youth confinement: the whole pie 2019.","year":"2019","author":"Sawyer W.","key":"bib5"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854812451089"},{"volume-title":"Detention diversion advocacy: an evaluation.","year":"1999","author":"Shelden R.","key":"bib7"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.01.007"},{"volume-title":"The juvenile justice system in Washington State: recommendations to improve cost-effectiveness.","year":"2002","author":"Washington State Institute for Public Policy","key":"bib9"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2153368715594848"},{"volume-title":"The dangers of detention: the impact of incarcerating youth in detention and other secure facilities.","year":"2006","author":"Holman B","key":"bib11"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2624"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128720926115"},{"volume-title":"Sticker shock: the cost of youth incarceration.","author":"Justice Policy Institute","key":"bib15"},{"volume-title":"Transforming closed youth prisons: repurposing facilities to meet community needs.","year":"2018","author":"Love H","key":"bib17"},{"volume-title":"Closing youth prisons: lessons from agency administrators.","year":"2020","author":"Harvell S","key":"bib18"},{"volume-title":"Repurposing correctional facilities to strengthen communities.","year":"2024","author":"Porter ND.","key":"bib19"},{"volume-title":"Youth prison & juvenile detention facility closures during COVID-19.","author":"No Kids in Prison","key":"bib20"},{"volume-title":"Juvenile Residential Facility Census Databook.","year":"2022","author":"Puzzanchera C","key":"bib21"},{"volume-title":"Youth arrests for violent crime in 2020 drop to new low.","year":"2022","author":"Puzzanchera C.","key":"bib22"},{"volume-title":"Data reveals violence among youth under 18 has not spiked in the pandemic.","year":"2022","author":"Mendel R.","key":"bib23"},{"volume-title":"Keeping youth out of the deep end of the juvenile justice system.","author":"Honeycutt T","key":"bib24"},{"volume-title":"Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach.","year":"2013","author":"National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Law and Justice, Committee on Assessing Juvenile Justice Reform, Bonnie RJ, Johnson RL, Chemers BM, Schuck JA, eds","key":"bib25"},{"volume-title":"The number of youth in secure detention returns to pre-pandemic levels.","year":"2022","author":"Annie E. 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