{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T22:09:51Z","timestamp":1773353391996,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To evaluate racial disparities when examining race at a more granular level than the broader 1997 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) categories. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We examined HIV diagnoses in Hawaii during 2010 to 2022 by OMB race\/ethnicity categories and an 18-category granular race\/ethnicity variable that included the 10 most frequent Asian and Native Hawaiian\/other Pacific Islander groups. We used multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. During 2015 to 2022, using OMB race\/ethnicity data and White people as the comparison group, we found that Asians were the only group at increased odds (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u2009=\u20093.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.86, 7.33) for late-stage HIV diagnosis. Using granular race\/ethnicity and with White people as the comparison group, we found that Filipinos (AOR\u2009=\u20095.42; 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.27, 13.0), Asians with no ethnicity data (AOR\u2009=\u20098.21; 95% CI\u2009=\u20093.20, 21.06), and Pacific Islanders other than Native Hawaiians (AOR\u2009=\u20094.02; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.10, 14.63) were at increased odds. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Disaggregating racial\/ethnicity data revealed important disparities in late-stage HIV diagnosis that would otherwise be obscured. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Public Health Implications. Identification of racial disparities using granular data enables more targeted interventions to reduce late-stage HIV diagnoses and to improve health outcomes. ( Am J Public Health. 2025;115(10):1671\u20131680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308192 ) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2025.308192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T20:07:16Z","timestamp":1755806836000},"page":"1671-1680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Disaggregating Office of Management and Budget Race\/Ethnicity Data to Examine Racial Disparities in Late-Stage HIV Diagnosis, Hawaii, 2010\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4617-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenfang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenfang Li, Timothy J. McCormick, and Diana J. Felton are with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, HI. Breena K. Gaskov and Alan R. Katz were with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, at the time of the study. Alan R. Katz was also with the Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, at the time of the study."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Breena K.","family":"Gaskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenfang Li, Timothy J. McCormick, and Diana J. Felton are with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, HI. Breena K. Gaskov and Alan R. Katz were with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, at the time of the study. Alan R. Katz was also with the Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, at the time of the study."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenfang Li, Timothy J. McCormick, and Diana J. Felton are with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, HI. Breena K. Gaskov and Alan R. Katz were with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, at the time of the study. Alan R. Katz was also with the Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, at the time of the study."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenfang Li, Timothy J. McCormick, and Diana J. Felton are with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, HI. Breena K. Gaskov and Alan R. Katz were with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, at the time of the study. Alan R. Katz was also with the Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, at the time of the study."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana J.","family":"Felton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenfang Li, Timothy J. McCormick, and Diana J. Felton are with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, HI. Breena K. Gaskov and Alan R. Katz were with the Communicable Disease and Public Health Nursing Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, at the time of the study. Alan R. Katz was also with the Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, at the time of the study."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6811e1"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416664674"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211002403"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","first-page":"493","volume":"9","author":"Eckholdt HM","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Care."},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.16.5.440.48736"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","first-page":"262","volume":"16","author":"Shimizu SM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ethn Dis."},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304506"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib13","first-page":"67","volume":"82","author":"Quint J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hawaii J Health Soc Welf."},{"key":"bib17","first-page":"2023","volume":"21","author":"Rico B","year":"2025","journal-title":"September"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-020-09635-2"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2023.307494"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000135988.19969.62"},{"issue":"62","key":"bib22","first-page":"22182","volume":"89","author":"Office of Management and Budget","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fed Regist."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib24","first-page":"1","volume":"57","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"issue":"03","key":"bib25","first-page":"1","volume":"63","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306370"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01075-8"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0362"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","first-page":"136","volume":"10","author":"Sabato TM.","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Health Dispar Res Pract."},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2016.1173612"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T20:02:05Z","timestamp":1757534525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2025.308192","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}}}