{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:46:36Z","timestamp":1772761596059,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Period, age, and cohort effects on substance use are differentiated for American youth 18 to 24 years old during the period from 1976 to 1982. The data are provided by the Monitoring the Future project, an ongoing study which employs a cohort-sequential design. Weighted least squares regression is used to find plausible and parsimonious models to account for the observed variation in 12 different classes of drugs, both licit and illicit. The point is made that there are no definitive ways to differentiate among the types of effects; thus, any interpretation is open to debate. Period effects involving increased use occurred for cocaine, amphetamines, and methaqualone, while decreases occurred for barbiturates, tranquilizers, and psychedelics other than LSD. Marijuana showed a curvilinear period effect, first increasing then decreasing. Effects of age were more complex. There were increases in the year after high school for daily cigarette use, but not for monthly use. Monthly and daily alcohol use increased with age. A measure of heavy drinking showed a curvilinear trend, first increasing and then decreasing. Annual use of cocaine showed an increase between the ages of 18 and 21. Annual use of narcotics other than heroin showed a linear age decrease. Clear class (or cohort) effects appeared for cigarette use, with each successive class smoking less. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.74.7.682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,27]],"date-time":"2008-11-27T05:26:53Z","timestamp":1227763613000},"page":"682-688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Period, age, and cohort effects on substance use among American youth, 1976-82."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"P M","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J G","family":"Bachman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L D","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/57.1.282"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Glenn ND: Cohort Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publishing, 1977."},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Bachman JG, Johnston LD: The Monitoring the Future Project: Design and Procedures. (Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. I) Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, 1978."},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Johnston LD, Bachman JG, O'Malley PM: Monitoring the Future: Questionnaire Responses from the Nation's High School Seniors, 1981. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, 1982."},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Johnston LD, Bachman JG, O'Malley PM: Student Drug Use, Attitudes, and Beliefs: National Trends, 1975-1982. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1982."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022371"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-468X(76)90037-4"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Johnston LD: Period, Age, and Cohort Effects on Substance Use Among American Youth: 1976-1982 (Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 14). Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, 1983."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blane HT: Middle-aged alcoholics and young drinkers. In: Blane HT, Chafetz ME (eds): Youth, Alcohol, and Social Policy. New York: Plenum. 1979.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8538-7"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.7.660"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncan OD: Two faces of panel analysis: parallels with comparative cross-sectional analysis and time-lagged association. In: Leinhardt S (ed): Sociological Methodology 1981. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981.","DOI":"10.2307\/270744"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1983.44.109"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Bachman JG, O'Malley PM, Johnston JJ: Youth in Transition, Volume VI: Adolescence to Adulthood-A Study of Change and Stability in the Lives of Young Men. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, 1978."},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"47","author":"Bachman JG","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.74.7.682","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T19:31:07Z","timestamp":1652124667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.74.7.682"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.74.7.682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.74.7.682","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,7]]}}}