{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:45:37Z","timestamp":1782513937429,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In the present case-control study of college-aged women, we examined the associations of sexual intercourse and diaphragm use with primary and secondary urinary tract infection (UTI), and measured the treatment and functional costs of primary, secondary, and recurrent UTI. All of the cases but only half of the controls had engaged in sexual intercourse during the past four weeks. When compared to using oral contraceptives, diaphragm use was associated with both first attack UTI (when compared with controls) and second attack UTI (when compared to women with primary UTI) even after controlling for frequency of sexual intercourse (Primary UTI: RRMH = 3.5; 95% CI: 0.9, 13.0; Secondary UTI: RRMH = 2.2; 95% CI: 0.3, 15.4). Women with all types of UTI reported 6.1 symptom days, 2.4 restricted-activity days, 1.6 office visits and laboratory tests, and spent $62 for treatment of UTI, based on prices of a subsidized student health service. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.75.11.1308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,27]],"date-time":"2008-11-27T05:26:53Z","timestamp":1227763613000},"page":"1308-1313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Epidemiology of urinary tract infection: I. Diaphragm use and sexual intercourse."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Foxman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R R","family":"Frerichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Kunin CM: Detection, Prevention, and Management of Urinary Tract Infections. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1979."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Kilmartin A: Cystitis: The Complete Self-Help Guide. New York: Warner Brooks, 1980."},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, United States, 1979 summary. Vital and Health Statistics, 13 (66), DHHS Pub. No. (PHS)82-1727. Washington, DC: Govt Printing Office, 1982."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290490031020"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197802092980612"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.5.579"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198106000-00018"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Bailey WRA: Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, Fifth Edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1979."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Schlesselman JJ: Case-Control Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H: Epidemiologic Research, Principles, and Quantitative Methods. Belmont: Lifetime Learning Publications, 1982."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Foxman B: Urinary Tract Infection: Testing Hypothesized Risk Factors, and Estimating Costs. Dissertation: University of California, Los Angeles, 1983."},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"84","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mademoiselle"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Martin LL: Health Care of Women. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1979."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197802092980607"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Stamey TA: Pathogenesis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1980."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Lapides L: Pathophysiology of urinary tract infections. In: Greifer I (ed): Bacteriuria and urinary tract infections: Proceedings of the International Symposium of the National Kidney Foundation, New York City, 1973."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.75.11.1308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T19:29:37Z","timestamp":1652124577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.75.11.1308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,11]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.75.11.1308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.75.11.1308","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,11]]}}}