{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T05:34:25Z","timestamp":1774676065346,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> To investigate the risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in San Francisco, the prevalence of antibodies to HIV was determined in 281 heterosexual intravenous drug users recruited from community-based settings. Ten per cent of subjects had ELISA and Western blot confirmed seropositivity for antibodies (95 per cent CI 6.8-14.2 per cent). Analysis of behavioral factors revealed an increased risk of seropositivity in addicts who reported regularly sharing needles when injecting, particularly those sharing with two or more persons (odds ratio = 5.43; 95 per cent CI 1.08-52.5). Blacks and Latinos also had a greater prevalence of seropositivity than Whites, and this finding persisted after adjustment for needle sharing (adjusted odds ratio = 2.8; 95 per cent CI .84-8.59). Seropositivity was not associated with age, sex, duration of drug use, or history of prostitution. These data indicate that a new epidemic of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in intravenous drug users, similar to that which has occurred among homosexuals in San Francisco, is possible. The relatively low seroprevalence in 1985 provides health officials an important opportunity to intervene and attempt to prevent widespread infection of drug users with HIV. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.77.2.169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:03:17Z","timestamp":1227963797000},"page":"169-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":213,"title":["Human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"R E","family":"Chaisson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A R","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Osmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J R","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"17","volume":"35","author":"Update","year":"1986","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6189183"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6200936"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6206563"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92047-1"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Osmond D, Moss AR, Bachetti PA, Volberding P, Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC: A case-control study of risk factors of AIDS in San Francisco. The International Conference on the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Abstracts 1985, Philadelphia, American College of Physicians."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-2-210"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Novick D, Kreek MJ, DesJarlais DC, etal: Antibodies to LAV in New York City, historical and ethical considerations. In: Harris L (ed): Proceedings of the 46th Annual Scientific Meeting, Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (in press)."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Weiss SH, Ginzberg HM, Goedert JJ, etal: Risk of HTLV-III exposure and AIDS among parenteral drug abusers in New Jersey. The International Conference on the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Abstracts 1985, Philadelphia, American College of Physicians."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360080085012"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"San Francisco Department of Public Health: San Francisco AIDS cases by age group, race\/ethnicity and patient group through 4\/30\/86. SFDPH, May 1986."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Newmeyer J: Drug abuse in the San Francisco Bay area: June 1985. In: Patterns and Trends in Drug Abuse, a National and International Perspective 1985, National Institute Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (in press)."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350470057020"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"San Francisco Department of Public Health: AIDS in IV drug users, San Francisco, 1979-1986. San Francisco Epidemiol Bull 1986; 2(5):1-2."},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"1","author":"Goedert JJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Treatment and Prevention. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6519.527"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91581-8"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90260-0"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Cohen H, Marmor M, DesJarlais D, etal: Behavioral risk factors for HTLV-III\/LAV seropositivity among intravenous drug abusers. The International Conference on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Abstracts 1985, Philadelphia, American College of Physicians."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.77.2.169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T18:40:44Z","timestamp":1652121644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.77.2.169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.77.2.169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.77.2.169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]}}}