{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:15:34Z","timestamp":1789380934678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The rate of cesarean section delivery in the United States rose from 4.5 per 100 deliveries in 1965 to 22.7 in 1985, and in 1985 an estimated 851,000 live births were cesarean deliveries, according to data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. This increase has been observed for all ages, and within all regions of the country. The rate for teenagers and mothers aged 20 to 29 was five to six times as high in 1985 as in 1965, and four times as high for mothers aged 30 years and older. Repeat cesareans account for an increasing share of all cesarean deliveries; in 1985 one in three cesareans were repeats. The increase in the cesarean rate of 6.2 percentage points between 1980 and 1985 (from 16.5 to 22.7) was partitioned according to five complications of delivery recorded on hospital discharge records: previous cesarean delivery, breech presentation, dystocia, fetal distress, and all other complications. Nearly half (48 per cent) of the increase was associated with previous cesarean delivery, 29 per cent with dystocia, 16 per cent with fetal distress, 5 per cent with breech presentation, and 2 per cent with all other complications. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.77.8.955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:03:17Z","timestamp":1227963797000},"page":"955-959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Trends in the United States cesarean section rate and reasons for the 1980-85 rise."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"S M","family":"Taffel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P J","family":"Placek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Liss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.73.8.861"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.2.190"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_3","first-page":"9","volume":"67","author":"Placek PJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stat Bull July-"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Summary of the 21-hospital survey on vaginal birth after cesarean, conducted December 1984. 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Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, December 1983."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"National Centerfor Health Statistics: Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 34, No. 6 Suppl Report of final natality statistics, 1983. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 85-1120. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, September 20, 1985."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Needham, Porter, Novelli: Professional liability insurance and its effect: Report of a survey of ACOG's membership, November 1985. Published by Needham Harper Worldwide, Inc., and prepared for ACOG, 600 Maryland Avenue, SW, Washington, DC."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Porter, Novelli, and Associates: Professional liability insurance and its effects: Report of a survey of ACOG's membership. Washington, DC: ACOG August 31, 1983."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Geraves EJ: Utilization of short-stay hospitals: Annual summary for the United States, 1984. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13. No. 84. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 86-1745. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 1986."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine: Report of a study, reliability of National Hospital Discharge Records. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1980."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson GM, Lomas J: Determinants of the increasing cesarean birth rate. N Engl J Med 311:887-892.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198410043111405"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390040110027"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Guidelines for vaginal delivery after a cesarean childbirth. Statement of the ACOG Committee on Obstetrics: Maternal and Fetal Medicine. Washington, DC, 1982."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: New guidelines to reduce repeat cesareans. Statement by Dr. Luella Klein for VBAC News Conference. Washington, DC: ACOG (News Release), January 25, 1985."},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"106","volume":"9","author":"Klein L","year":"1984","journal-title":"Female Patient"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)32434-6"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90648-4"},{"key":"p_24","first-page":"175","volume":"55","author":"Neutra RR","year":"1980","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference on Cesarean Childbirth, October 1981, sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. NIH Pub. No. 82-2067. 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