{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:04:06Z","timestamp":1791266646231,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> To further define the relation between smoking and vitamin C status, the dietary and serum vitamin C levels of 11,592 respondents in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) were analyzed. Smokers of 20 cigarettes daily had the lowest vitamin C dietary intake (79 mg, 95% CI:73, 84) and serum levels (0.82 mg\/dl, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.86; 46.6 mumol\/L, 95% CI: 43.7, 48.8), while smokers of 1-19 cigarettes daily had decreased vitamin C intake (97 mg; 95% CI: 90, 104 mg) and serum levels (0.97 mg\/dl, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.03; 55.1 mumol\/L, 95% CI: 52.2, 58.5) compared to respondents who had never smoked (109 mg, 95% CI: 105, 113 and 1.15 mg\/dl, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.18; 65.3 mumol\/L, 95% CI: 63.0, 67.0, respectively). This inverse association between both intake and serum levels of vitamin C and smoking was independent of age, sex, body weight, race, and alcoholic beverage consumption. Following further adjustment for dietary vitamin C intake, the negative correlation between cigarette smoking and serum vitamin C levels persisted. The risk of severe hypovitaminosis C (serum levels less than or equal to 0.2 mg\/dl; 11.4 mumol\/L) was increased in smokers, particularly when not accompanied by vitamin supplementation (odds ratio 3.0, 95% CI: 2.5, 3.6). These data suggest that even though smoking adversely affects preferences for vitamin C rich foods, the inverse association between smoking and serum vitamin C levels occurs independently of dietary intake. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.79.2.158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:03:17Z","timestamp":1227963797000},"page":"158-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":255,"title":["The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Schectman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J C","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H W","family":"Gruchow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"39","volume":"9","author":"Strauss LH","year":"1939","journal-title":"Vitaminforschung"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"151","volume":"69","author":"McCormick WJ","year":"1952","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02939057"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.11.1254"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1986.10720134"},{"key":"p_6","first-page":"226","volume":"83","author":"McClean HE","year":"1976","journal-title":"NZ Med J"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"127","volume":"16","author":"Hoefel OS","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int J Vit Nutr Res"},{"key":"p_8","first-page":"139","volume":"27","author":"Hornig DH","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Vit Nutr Res"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.2.332"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_10","first-page":"469","volume":"38","author":"Davies HE","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum Nutr Clin Nutr"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"287","volume":"23","author":"Baines M","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Vit Nutr Res"},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"6","volume":"7","author":"O'Keane M","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Alcohol"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)93266-8"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm0702_1"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"147","volume":"16","author":"Pelletier 0","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int J Vit Nutr Res"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"171","volume":"16","author":"Ritzel U","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int J Vit Nutr Res"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23758.x"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics: Plan and Operation of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1976-1980. 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