{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T22:42:48Z","timestamp":1785710568358,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> An ecologic study was performed to examine the relation between the incidence of leukemias and the occurrence of volatile organic chemical (VOC) contamination of drinking water supplies within a study area comprised of subpopulations differentially exposed to drinking water VOCs (trichloroethylene and related solvents). Populations served by community water supplies were classified into exposure categories according to VOC contamination status based on 1984-85 sampling data. Leukemia incidence data (1979-84) were collected from a population-based cancer registry. For females, the standardized incidence ratio was elevated only in towns in the highest of three exposure categories. No association was observed in males in any of the exposure categories. A Poisson regression analysis of the data, using finer exposure strata, indicated an increase in risk among females with increasing level of contamination which appeared to be distributed evenly across all age strata. The rate ratio for females at the highest exposure stratum for total non-THM VOCs compared to the least exposed stratum was 1.68. The observed association appears to suggest that drinking water contaminated with VOCs may increase the incidence of leukemia among exposed females, but caution is advised in the interpretation of these results because of the uncertainties inherent in ecologic studies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.80.10.1209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1227964628000},"page":"1209-1212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Drinking water contamination and the incidence of leukemia: an ecologic study."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Fagliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Bove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"1269","volume":"79","author":"Cantor KP","year":"1987","journal-title":"JNCI"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1988.9935853"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Cragle DL, Shy CM, Struba RJ, Siff EJ: A case-control study of colon cancer and water chlorination in North Carolina. In: Jolley RL, et al (eds): Water Chlorination: Chemistry, Environmental Impact, and Health Effects. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, 1985."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/16.2.190"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Patrick R, Ford E, Quarles J: Groundwater Contamination in the United States, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987."},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Tucker RK: Groundwater Quality in New Jersey: An Investigation of Toxic Contaminants. Trenton, NJ: Office of Cancer and Toxic Substances Research, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 1981."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478307"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"New Jersey P.L. 1983, c.443."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Results of Initial Testing for Hazardous Contaminants in Public Water Supplies Under Assembly Bill 280 Through January 9, 1985. Trenton, NJ: Office of Science and Research and Division of Water Resources, 1986."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Results of Testing for Hazardous Contaminants in Public Water Supplies Under Assembly Bill 280. (Final Report for 1985 Periodic Testing Intervals). Trenton, NJ: Office of Science and Research and Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, 1987."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization: ICD-O: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. Geneva: WHO, 1976."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"New Jersey Department of Health: Cancer Incidence in New Jersey: 1981-1982. Trenton, NJ: Cancer Registry Program, 1985."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Day NE: The standardized mortality ratio. In: Sen PK (ed): Biostatistics: Statistics in Biomedical, Public Health, and Environmental Sciences. 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Bethesda, MD: NCI, 1976."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trichloroethylene (Without Epichlorohydrin) in F344\/N Rats and B6C3FI Mice (Gavage Studies). NTP Technical Report 243, Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP, 1984."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trichloroethylene in Four Strains of Rats. NTP Technical Report 273. Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP, 1985."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) in F344\/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). NTP Technical Report 31 1, Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP, 1985."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute: Bioassay of Tetrachloroethylene for Possible Carcinogenicity. Technical Report 13. 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