{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T23:15:13Z","timestamp":1782342913185,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The tobacco industry has lobbied successfully to obtain the support of the United States government for opening Asian Markets to American tobacco products. This paper comments on two issues arising from these efforts: the development of an atmosphere of invasion and resistance to invasion in Asia; and the change in the image of the United States in Asian nations from that of a leader in health to that of an exporter of death. The threat of sanctions and the effects of the open market and United States tobacco company advertising in Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea are noted. Parallels are drawn between the opium wars a century and a half ago in China and the current threat of trade sanctions. Reacting to American policy, an Asia-Pacific Association for Control of Tobacco has been formed and linked with the US Coalition Against Smoking. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.80.6.659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1227964628000},"page":"659-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The opium wars revisited as US forces tobacco exports in Asia."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"T T","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A E","family":"Winder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"US Congress: United States Trade Act 1974, Public Law 93-618, January 3, 1975."},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"4","author":"McLellan D","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tobacco and Youth Reporter"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service: World tobacco situation. December 1988; 50-56."},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"19","author":"Schemeisser P","year":"1988","journal-title":"New York Times Magazine"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"152","volume":"54","author":"Office US","year":"1989","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"p_6","first-page":"14","volume":"14","author":"Prakit V","year":"1989","journal-title":"World Smoking and Health. New York: American Cancer Society"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"12","author":"Chira S","year":"1988","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Shepherd PL: Transnational corporations and the international cigarette industry in profits, program and poverty. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Connolly GN: Smoking or health: The international marketing of tobacco. In: The Proceedings of Tobacco and Health: International issues in tobacco trade and policy. Boston: Institute for the Study of Smoking Behavior and Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, December 8, 1987; 3-16."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Jones DA: Spotlight on Taiwan: Foreign brands grab a big share. Tobacco Reporter, January 1989."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Yen D: A study of smoking behavior of youth frequenting fast food restaurants in Taipei. Tung's Foundation Press, 1987."},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"12","author":"Brian I","year":"1976","journal-title":"London: Hodder and Stoughton"},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"6","author":"Kuo PC","year":"1970","journal-title":"Taipei: Ching Wen Publishing Co"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Fay PW: The opium war 1840-1842. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975; 41-52."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waley A: The opium war through Chinese eyes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958; 34-37.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620711"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Couling S: The opium war. The Encyclopedia Sinica, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1983; 405-409."},{"key":"p_17","first-page":"556","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eames JB: The English in China. New York: Harper and Row Publishing Co"},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"482","author":"Cockburn A","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Nation"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Daynard R: Reporting on tobacco products liability litigation. Tobacco on Trial, June 15, 1989."},{"key":"p_20","first-page":"40","author":"Powell B","year":"1989","journal-title":"Newsweek"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.80.6.659","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T18:49:22Z","timestamp":1652122162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.80.6.659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.80.6.659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.80.6.659","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]}}}