{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:11:49Z","timestamp":1760955109537},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Beginning with the swine flu litigation of the early 1980s, epidemiological evidence has played an increasingly prominent role in helping the nation's courts deal with alleged causal connections between plaintiffs' diseases or other harm and exposure to specific noxious agents (such as asbestos, toxic waste, radiation, and pharmaceuticals). Judicial reliance on epidemiology has high-lighted the contrast between the nature of scientific proof and of legal proof. Epidemiologists need to recognize and understand the growing involvement of their profession in complex tort litigation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.81.12.1661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1227964628000},"page":"1661-1666","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Epidemiology and the law: courts and confidence intervals."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Christoffel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S P","family":"Teret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"35","year":"1881","journal-title":"Holmes OL Jr. The Common Law."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Frye v United States, 193 F 1013 (DC Cir 1923)."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry v Chapln, 74 Cal App 2d 652,169 P2d 442 (1946).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4478.652-b"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annas GJ. DNA fingerprinting in the twilight zone. Hastings Center Rep. March\/ April 1990:35-37.","DOI":"10.2307\/3562618"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"1332","volume":"61","author":"Kaye DH","year":"1986","journal-title":"Wash L Rev."},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"For example, Epidemiology and the Law, sponsored by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health and the American Society of Law and Medicine; June 3-4,1985; Washington, DC; and the Eighth Annual Seminar on Hazardous Waste and Toxic Torts, sponsored by the National Law Journal and the New York LawJournal; September 13-14,1990; New York, NY."},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"732","volume":"52","author":"Black B","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fordham L Rev."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1341021"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"29","volume":"1","author":"Swartzman D","year":"1985","journal-title":"Touro L Rev."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brennan TA, Robert F, Carter RF. Legal and scientific probability of causation of cancer and other environmental disease in individuals. J Health Polit, Policy, and Law. 1985;10:33-80.","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-10-1-33"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/796423"},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"1219","volume":"71","author":"Farber DA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Minn L Rev."},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"469","volume":"73","author":"Brennan TA","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cornell L Rev."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Brennan TA. Helping courts with toxic torts: some proposals regarding alternative methods for presenting and assessing scientific evidence in common law courts. U Pitt L Rev. 1989;51:1-71."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"See, for example, the toxic torts issue of TriaL October 1989; Strawn S, Legator MS. Epidemiology and toxic torts. TiaL 1991;27(4):60-63. Also see the frequent front-page articles in the National Law Jouma 4 such as Sherman R. New DES front.Nat'lLJ. 1990;12(27):1; Sherman R. Bendectin cases run into a wall. Nat'l L J. 1990;12(35):1; or Slind-Flor V. A 'conscience' on the sidelines. Nat'l L J. 1990;12(52):1."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Gaskins RH. The public responsibility model. In: Gaskins RH. Environmental Accidents: Personal Injury and Public Responsibility, Philadelphia, Pa: Temple University Press; 1989:291-324."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"In Re Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation, 597 F Supp 740, 777 (1984)."},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Sulesky v United States, 545 F Supp 426, 430 (1982)."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cookv United States, 545 F Supp 306,307, 308, and 316 (1982).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198202043060521"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Reitz AW Jr. Federal compensation for vaccination induced injuries. Boston Coil Environ AffL Rev. 1986;13:169-214."},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Allen v United States, 588 F Supp 247 (1984)."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00011"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"United States v VangAirlines, 467 US 797 (1984)."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Allen v United States, 816 F2d 1417 (10th Cir 1987), cert denied, 87-316, January 11, 1988."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Brock v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 874 F2d 307 (5th Cir 1989)."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"DeLuca v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, No 89-5572 (3d Cir, August 17, 1989)."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Asimilar conclusion regarding the limited usefulness of animal studies can be found in the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals decision in Intemational Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of Amenica v Johnson Controls, Inc, 886 F2d 871 (7th Cir 1989), rev'd on other grounds, 59 LW 4209 (March 20, 1991)."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Brock v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 884 F2d 167 (5th Cir 1989), cert denied, 89-1189, March 1990."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Rothman K. Modem Epidemiology, New York, NY: Little, Brown; 1986:20."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cranor C, Nutting K. Scientific and legal standards of statistical evidence in toxic tort and discrimination suits. Law and PhiL 1990;9:115-156.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00142831"},{"key":"p_33","first-page":"295","volume":"58","author":"Hill AB","year":"1965","journal-title":"Epidemiology: An Introductory Text."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_34","first-page":"1","volume":"11","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Epidemiol Monitor."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.81.12.1661","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T18:57:47Z","timestamp":1652122667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.81.12.1661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.81.12.1661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.81.12.1661","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,12]]}}}