{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:36:39Z","timestamp":1788554199446,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> BACKGROUND. Although widely used in epidemiological studies, self-report has been shown to underestimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking in some populations. METHODS. In the CARDIA study, self-report of cigarette smoking was validated against a biochemical marker of nicotine uptake, serum cotinine. RESULTS. The prevalence of smoking was slightly lower when defined by self-report (30.9%) than when defined by cotinine levels equal to or greater than 14 ng\/mL (32.2%, P less than .05). The misclassification rate (proportion of reported nonsmokers with cotinine levels of at least 14 ng\/mL) was 4.2% and was significantly higher among subjects who were Black, had a high school education or less, or were reported former smokers. Possible reasons for misclassification include reporting error, environmental tobacco smoke, and an inappropriate cutoff point for delineation of smoking status. Using self-report as the gold standard, the cotinine cutoff points that maximized sensitivity and specificity were 14, 9, and 15 ng\/mL for all, White, and Black subjects, respectively. The misclassification rate remained significantly higher in Black than in White subjects using these race-specific criteria. CONCLUSIONS. Misclassification of cigarette smoking by self-report was low in these young adults; however, within certain race\/education groups, self-report may underestimate smoking prevalence by up to 4%. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.82.1.33","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1227964628000},"page":"33-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":266,"title":["Misclassification of smoking status in the CARDIA study: a comparison of self-report with serum cotinine levels."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"L E","family":"Wagenknecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G L","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L L","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N J","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G D","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.4.810"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stookey GK, Katz BP, Olson BL, Drook CA, Cohen SJ. Evaluation of biochemical validation measures in determination of smoking status.JDentRes. 1987;66:1597-1601.","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660101801"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.5.574"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.11.1435"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman GD, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, etal CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects. J Cln EpidemioL 1988;41:1105-1116.","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90080-7"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(90)90017-E"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.9.1053"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.73.10.1204"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"VanVunakis H, Gjika HB, Langone JJ. Method 16-radioimmunoassay for nicotine and cotinine. In: O'Neill IK, Brunnemann KD, Dodet B, Hoffmann D, eds. Environmental Carcinogens Methods ofAnaysis and Exposure Measurement. Vol. 9 Passive Smoling. 1987;317-330. IARC Scientific Publication, No. 81. Oxford University Press, NY."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benowitz NL. The use of biologic fluid samples in assessing tobacco smoke consumption. In: Grabowshi J, Bell C, eds. Measuement in theAnalysis of Treatment of Smloking Behavior. Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1983:6-26. NIDA Research Monograph No. 48.","DOI":"10.1037\/e475382004-001"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(84)80011-0"},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Rothman KJ. Modem Epidemiology. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown and Co; 1986:276."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(78)80014-2"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepkovic DW, Haley NJ, Hoffmann D. Elimination from the body of tobacco products by smokers and passive smokers. JAM4. 1986;256:863. Letter.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380070069012"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.82.1.33","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T18:25:43Z","timestamp":1652120743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.82.1.33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.82.1.33"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.82.1.33","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]}}}