{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:33:46Z","timestamp":1760132026698},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The companion article by Rosenberg and Gollub in this issue summarizes data from 10 observational studies and concludes that female-controlled contraceptive methods, under typical conditions, are comparable to condoms in preventing sexually transmitted diseases and should be merchandized as such. While we agree that chemical and mechanical contraceptives provide protection against some sexually transmitted diseases, we think the authors have overstated the scientific case for these methods, especially in comparison with the condom. We think the current data remain inconclusive regarding the absolute protection of spermicides against the human immunodeficiency virus and their level of protection--relative to that of the condom--against other sexually transmitted diseases. Three reasons account for our differences: the limitations in the comparative data; the reported adverse effects of spermicides on vaginal conditions, including genital ulcers; and the relative value of condoms, even under typical conditions, in preventing sexually transmitted diseases. For these reasons, we would currently counsel both women and men who practice high-risk sexual behaviors to use condoms as their first line of defense. If this is unacceptable, the female barriers become a fallback position to protect against bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.82.11.1479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1227964628000},"page":"1479-1482","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Commentary: the quest for women's prophylactic methods--hopes vs science."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"82","author":[{"suffix":"Jr","given":"W","family":"Cates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F H","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Trussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.4.460"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490040096032"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2135469"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Grimes DA, Cates W Jr. Family planning and sexually transmitted diseases. In: Holmes KK, Mardh P-A, Sparling PF, et al., eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1990;1087-1094."},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Harlap S, Kost K, Forrest JD. Preventg Pregnancy, Protecting Health: A New LookatBirth Control Choices in the United States. New York, NY: The Alan Guttmacher Institute; 1991."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370130119035"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"109","volume":"33","author":"McGregor JA","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Reprod Med."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.1.52"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"North BB. Effectiveness of vaginal contraceptives in prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. In: Alexander NJ, Gabelnick HL, Spieler JM, eds. Heterseual Transmiusion ofAIDS. 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Presented at the 8th International Conference on AIDS; July 1992; Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199107000-00001"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55038-9"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreiss J, Ngugi E, Holmes K, etal. Efficacy of nonoxyno1-9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIVin Nairobi prostitutes.JAMA. 1992; 268:477-482.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.268.4.477"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Feldblum P, Hira S, Godwin , Kaanga J, Mukelabai G. Efficacy of spermicide and condom use by HIV-discordant couples in risk of gonorrhea transmission from in-Zambia [Abstract WEC 1085]. Presented at fected women to men. Am J EpidemioL the 8th International Conference on AIDS; 1978;108:136-144. July 22, 1992; Amsterdam, The Nether- 26. World Health Organization. Contraceptive lands. Method Mmt Guidelines for Polcy and"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Hooper RR, Reynolds GH, Jones OG, et Service Delivery. Geneva, Switzerland: al. Cohort study of veneral disease. I. 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