{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:40:21Z","timestamp":1769121621901,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> OBJECTIVES. Mortality studies of lead workers have shown excesses of nonmalignant renal disease and cerebrovascular disease. Animal studies and one human study have shown excess kidney cancer. We have updated a mortality study of male lead smelter workers (n = 1990). METHODS. An analysis was conducted using standard life table techniques. The updated analysis added 11 years of follow-up and 363 new deaths. RESULTS. The original study had found elevated but nonsignificant risks for kidney cancer, stroke, and nonmalignant renal disease, probably attributable to lead exposure. Deaths from accidents and nonmalignant respiratory disease were significantly elevated, but probably not as a result of lead exposure. In the updated study, no new deaths from nonmalignant renal disease occurred (9 observed, standardized mortality ratio = 1.21). Three more deaths from kidney cancer were observed, yielding a standardized mortality ratio of 1.93 (9 observed, 95% CI = 0.88, 3.67), which increased for those who had worked in areas with the highest lead exposure (8 observed, standardized mortality ratio = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.71). Cerebrovascular disease remained elevated for those with more than 20 years of exposure (26 observed, standardized mortality ratio = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.92, 2.07). CONCLUSIONS. This cohort with high lead exposure showed a diminishing excess of death from nonmalignant renal disease, a continued excess from kidney cancer, and an excess of cerebrovascular disease only in those with longest exposure to lead. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.82.12.1641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1227964628000},"page":"1641-1644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["The mortality of lead smelter workers: an update."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Steenland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Selevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Landrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wedeen R. Occupational renal disease.Am J Kidney Disease. 1984;4:241-257.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(84)80041-4"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Zenz C, ed. Occupaional Medicine. Chicago, III: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1988."},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"230","volume":"7","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"1987","journal-title":"IARC Monogr."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700010204"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillis R. Long-term occupational lead exposure, chronic nephropathy, and renal cancer: a case report.AmJIndMed 1981; 2:293-297.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700020309"},{"key":"p_6","first-page":"410","volume":"39","author":"Malcolm D","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br JInd Med."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2215"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerhardsson L, Lundstrom N, Nordberg G. Mortality and lead exposure: a retrospective cohort study of Swedish smelter workers. BrJIndMedJ 1986;43:707-712.","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.43.10.707"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMichael A, Johnson H. Long-term mortality profile of heavily-exposed lead smelter workers. J Occup MedL 1982;24: 375-378.","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198205000-00008"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"170","volume":"41","author":"Davies J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br JInd Med"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaels D, Zoloth S, Stern F. Does lowlevel lead exposure increase risk of death? A mortality study of newspaper printers. IntJEpidemioL 1991;20:978-983.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.4.978"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Final Report, Envirmnental Phase, Bunker Hill Study. Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1975. NIOSH report 56.10.5."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazanrd. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1990. DHHS publication 90.117."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thun M, Osorio A, Schober S, etal. Nephropathy in cadmium workers: an assessment of risk from airborne occupational exposure to cadmium. BrJInd Med 2 1989;46:689-697.","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.46.10.689"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199011000-00008"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Axelson 0. Aspects of confounding in oc-Am StatAssoc. 1983;381:1-12."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.82.12.1641","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T18:53:53Z","timestamp":1652122433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.82.12.1641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.82.12.1641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.82.12.1641","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}}}