{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T08:53:04Z","timestamp":1775292784992,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> OBJECTIVES. This study assessed differences in the prevalence of mild mental retardation, defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) from 50 to 70, between Black and White children. METHODS. A case-control study design was used. Ten-year-old children with mental retardation were identified from multiple sources. Information on race, sex, maternal age, birth order, economic status, and maternal education was abstracted from birth certificates of 330 case children and 563 control children (public school students). RESULTS. The crude Black-White odds ratio (OR) was 2.6, but it was reduced to 1.8 after the other five covariates were controlled. The disparity was largest among children whose mental retardation was first diagnosed when they were 8 to 10 years old (adjusted OR = 2.5). We found no significant difference in the occurrence of mild mental retardation between Black and White children diagnosed before the age of 6 years (adjusted OR = 1.2). Black children had a higher prevalence of mild mental retardation within all strata of the other five covariates. CONCLUSIONS. Five sociodemographic factors accounted for approximately half of the excess prevalence of mild mental retardation among Black children. Possible reasons for the residual difference are discussed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.85.3.324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:18:52Z","timestamp":1227964732000},"page":"324-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Mild mental retardation in black and white children in metropolitan Atlanta: a case-control study."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Yeargin-Allsopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C D","family":"Drews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Decoufl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C C","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Reschly DJ, Jipson FJ. Ethnicity, geographic locale, age, sex, and urban-rural residence as variables in the prevalence of mildretardation.AmJMentDefic. 1976;81: 154-161."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercer JR. Labeling the Mentally Retarded. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1973.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520311503"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Heller KA, Holtzman WH, Messick S, eds. Placing Children in Special Education: A Strategy for Equity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1982."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258700800406"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"279","volume":"27","author":"Lemkau P","year":"1943","journal-title":"Ment Hyg."},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, Mental Health Research Unit. A Special Census of Suspected Referred Mental Retardation: Onondago County, NY Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press; 1955: 84-127."},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Broman S, Nichols PL, Shaughnessy P, Kennedy W. Retardation in Young Children: A Developmental Study of Cognitive Deficit. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1987."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.319"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.41.219.528"},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"811","volume":"67","author":"Stein Z","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Ment Defic."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Lewis EO. Report on an Investigation into the Incidence of Mental Deficiency in Six Areas, 1925-1927 Report of the Mental Deficiency Committee. London, England: His Majesty's Stationery Office; 1929. Part 4."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Birch HG, Richardson SA, Baird D, Horobin G, Illsley R. Mental Subnormalty in the Community:A Clinical and Epidemiologic Study. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1970."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Kushlick A, Blunden R. The epidemiology of mental subnormality. In: Clarke AM, Clarke ADB, eds. Mental Deficiency: 77Te ChangingOutlook New York, NY: Macmillan; 1974: 31-81."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036302"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Bayley M. Mental Handicap and Community Care: A Study of Mentally Handicapped People in Sheffield. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1973."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30586-0"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988. Washington, DC: US Dept of Commerce, Bureau of the Census; October 1989. Series P-60, No. 166."},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"624","volume":"89","author":"Yeargin-Allsopp M","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Census Use Study: Health Infonnation System-II. Washington, DC: US Dept of Commerce, Bureau of the Census; 1971. Report no. 12."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Harrell FE Jr. The LOGIST procedure. In: SUGI Supplenental Library User's Guide. Version 5 ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1986:269-293."},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidentiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods. Belmont, Calif: Lifetime Learning Publications; 1982."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00707.x"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.70.9.964"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Non-Public Schools in Georgia: 1985-1986. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Department of Education, Regional Education Service Division; 1986."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Jorgensen CC. Racism in mental testing: the use of IQ tests to mislabel black children. In: Harison AA ed. Explorations in Psychology. Monterey, Calif: Brooks\/ Cole; 1974: 194-215."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Mercer JR, Brown WC. Racial differences in IQ: fact or artifact? In: Senna C, ed. The Fallacy of IQ. New York, NY: The Third Press; 1973: 56-113."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Scarr S. IQ, Race, Social Class and Individual Differences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1981."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.6.679"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessel SS, Kleinman JC, Koontz AM, Hogue CJ, Berendes HW. Racial differences in pregnancy outcome. Clin PennatoL 1988;15:745-754.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30671-7"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinman JC, Fingerhut LA, Prager K. Differences in infant mortality by race, nativity status, and other maternal characteristics.Am JDis Child 1991;145:194-199.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1991.02160020086023"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198709173171207"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.73.9.1042"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Malone TE, Chairperson. Report of the Secretary's TaskForce on Blackand Minority Health. Vols. 4, 6, and 7. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1986."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Jaynes GD, Williams RM Jr, eds. A Common Destiny: Blacks and Amencan Society. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo T, Metzger BE, Burns WJ, Burns K. Correlation between antepartum maternal metabolism and intelligence of offspring. N EnglJMed. 1991;325:911-916.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109263251303"},{"key":"p_36","first-page":"222","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus AT","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ethn Dis."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420020132045"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130831"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.7.844"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1128975"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Weikart DP, Bond JT, McNeil JT. The Ypsilanti Peny Preschool Project: Preschool Years and Longitudinal Results through Fourth Grade. Ypsilanti, Mich: High\/ Scope Educational Research Foundation; 1978, No.3."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3342793"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T19:49:44Z","timestamp":1652125784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.85.3.324","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}}}