{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:01:24Z","timestamp":1742799684589},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"8_Pt_1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In the mid-19th century, most American addicts were genteel women hooked on opiates through medical treatment. Within a few decades, a new group of addicts emerged--pleasure users who patronized opium dens. As local laws closed dens, the pleasure users--most often poor young men in northern cities--began experimenting with cocaine and heroin, causing an alarmed government to launch an escalating campaign to root out the new deviant subculture. Various treatment efforts were instituted, from short-lived clinics to federal narcotics farms. This drug use epidemic peaked in the 1920s and was essentially quelled by World War II. This paper briefly discusses differences between early British and US policies and the contemporary implications of this early drug use epidemic. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.85.8_pt_1.1157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:18:52Z","timestamp":1227964732000},"page":"1157-1162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The rise of the modern addict."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Jonnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"T. De Quincey, Confessions of An English Opium Eater (London, England: Crescent Press, 1950), 258."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"D. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, Mass.: University Harvard Press, 1982)."},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"69","author":"Wilbert M. I.","year":"1912","journal-title":"D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"112","volume":"22","author":"Hughes J. H.","year":"1916","journal-title":"Medical Review of Reviews"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"4","volume":"5","author":"Collins C.W.","year":"1909","journal-title":"Everyday Life"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1912.04270120131015"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"18","year":"1913","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"\"Say Drug Habit Grips the Nation,\" New York Times, December 5, 1913."},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"11","author":"Street L.","year":"1953","journal-title":"Random House"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"962","volume":"100","author":"Lichtenstein P.","year":"1914","journal-title":"New York Medical Journal"},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"892","volume":"101","author":"Farr C. B.","year":"1915","journal-title":"New York Medical Journal"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"477","volume":"66","author":"McIver J.","year":"1916","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"363","volume":"14","author":"Drysdale H.H.","year":"1915","journal-title":"Cleveland Medical Journal"},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"315","volume":"6","author":"Bailey P.","year":"1916","journal-title":"New Republic"},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"1","year":"1919","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_20","first-page":"34","volume":"10","author":"Hubbard S.D.","year":"1920","journal-title":"Monthl Bulletin of the Department of Health of New York City"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4575524"},{"key":"p_22","first-page":"896","author":"Wilbert M.I.","year":"1915","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Ibid., 39-42."},{"key":"p_26","first-page":"67","volume":"10","author":"Stanley L. L.","year":"1919","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Law and Crnminology"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"U.S. House of Representatives, Prohibiting the Importation of Crude Opium for the Manufacture of Heroin: Hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means, 68th Cong., 1st sess. (1924): 32."},{"issue":"19","key":"p_29","first-page":"1327","volume":"74","year":"1920","journal-title":"Joumal ofthe American MedicalAssociation"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_30","first-page":"300","volume":"9","author":"Kolb L. J.","year":"1925","journal-title":"Mental Hygiene"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"B. Dai, OpiumrAddiction in Chicago (Shanghai, China: Commercial Press, 1937), 71."},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"D.F. Musto, American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1987), 145."},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"143","author":"Schmeckbier L.F.","year":"1929","journal-title":"D.C.: Brookings Institute"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"U.S. House of Representatives, Establishment of Two Federal Narcotic Farms: Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, 70th Cong., 1st sess. (1928): 28. See also Schmeckbier, Bureau of Prohibition, 143."},{"key":"p_37","first-page":"3","author":"U.S. Department of the Treasury, The Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous","year":"1926","journal-title":"D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"T.M. Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society 1820-1930. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1983), 220."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_39","first-page":"10","volume":"2","year":"1990","journal-title":"Woodrow Wldson Center Report"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.181.4101.716"},{"key":"p_41","first-page":"24","year":"1993","journal-title":"N.J.: Robert Woods Johnson Foundation"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.85.8_Pt_1.1157","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:27:45Z","timestamp":1652131665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.85.8_Pt_1.1157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8_Pt_1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.85.8_Pt_1.1157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.85.8_pt_1.1157","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]}}}