{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:14:14Z","timestamp":1778159654763,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency has traditionally been assessed through xerophthalmia or biochemical surveys. The cost and complexity of implementing these methods limits the ability of nonresearch organizations to identify vitamin A deficiency. This study examined the validity of a simple, inexpensive food frequency method to identify areas with a high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. METHODS: The validity of the method was tested in 15 communities, 5 each from the Philippines, Guatemala, and Tanzania. Serum retinol concentrations of less than 20 micrograms\/dL defined vitamin A deficiency. RESULTS: Weighted measures of vitamin A intake six or fewer times per week and unweighted measures of consumption of animal sources of vitamin A four or fewer times per week correctly classified seven of eight communities as having a high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (i.e., 15% or more preschool-aged children in the community had the deficiency) (sensitivity = 87.5%) and four of seven communities as having a low prevalence (specificity = 57.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This method correctly classified the vitamin A deficiency status of 73.3% of the communities but demonstrated a high false-positive rate (42.9%). <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.87.2.186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:30:23Z","timestamp":1227965423000},"page":"186-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Identifying areas with vitamin A deficiency: the validity of a semiquantitative food frequency method."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"N L","family":"Sloan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"de la Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Arita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Temalilwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N W","family":"Solomons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91677-Z"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6567.294"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Beaton GH, Martorell R, L'Abbe KA, etal. Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries. Toronto, Ont, Canada: University of Toronto; 1992."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007193230304"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199010043231401"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91157-8"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90070-6"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Control of Vitamin A Deficiency and Xerophthalmia. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1982. Technical Report Series 672."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Vitamin A Technical Assistance Program. Kiribati: Vitamin A Deficiency Assessment, October, 1989, Final Report. San Diego, Calif: The Foundation for the People of the South Pacific; 1989."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisancho AR. Anthropometric Standards for the Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press; 1990.","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.12198"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Arroyave G, Chichester CO, Flores H, etal. Biochemical MethodologyfortheAssessment of Vitamin A Status: A Report of the International VitaminA Consultative Group. Washington, DC: The Nutrition Foundation Inc; 1982."},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"1436","volume":"108","author":"Keenum DG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Wittpenn JR, West KP, Keenum D. ICEPO Training Manual: Assessment of Vitamin A Status by Impression Cytology. Baltimore, Md: Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology; 1988."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Arroyave G, Baltazar J, Kusin J, Lepkowski JM, Milton RC, Srikantia SG. Methodologies for Monitoring and Evaluating Vitamin A Deficiency Intervention Programs. Washington, DC: The Nutrition Foundation Inc; 1989."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.12.2546"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/16.3.341"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.1.91"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.3.574"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SommerA. Nutritional Blindness: Xerophthalmia and Keratomalacia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1982.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030030401002"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.87.2.186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T20:03:42Z","timestamp":1652126622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.87.2.186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.87.2.186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.87.2.186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}}}