{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:59:16Z","timestamp":1778219956051,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> OBJECTIVES: The validity (sensitivity and specificity) of a preschool vision screening program was measured over a 3-year period to determine how well strabismus and significant refractive errors could be detected. METHODS: Public health nurses were trained to administer tests of visual acuity, stereoacuity, and ocular alignment. Failure on any test, visual acuity of 6\/9 or less, stereoacuity of less than 100 seconds of arc, or an apparent misalignment of the eyes resulted in referral to an eye care practitioner. An age-matched control was also referred. Analysis of practitioner reports used predefined study-based criteria for ocular abnormalities. RESULTS: More than 1100 children were screened each year. The annually calculated prevalence of vision problems ranged between 10.5% and 13.8%. The estimated sensitivity varied from 60.4% to 70.9% (specificity, 69.6% to 79.9%). The yield indicated that a very high percentage of children with vision problems were identified for the first time. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of this screening is comparable to that of other school screenings. The limitations are predictable. Consideration should be given to replacing visual acuity tests with a rapid, objective measure of refractive error and ocular alignment. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.89.2.193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:33:29Z","timestamp":1227965609000},"page":"193-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Measurement of the validity of a preschool vision screening program."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W R","family":"Bobier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Mandatory Health Programs and Services, Public Health Branch. Preschool Vision Screening and Sight Conservation Guide: Healthy Children. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Health; 1991."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Gale C, Micco A. Review of the Mass Vision Screening Program at School Entry. Vancouver, British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Health, Family Health Division, Public Health Nursing and Community Supports Branch; 1993."},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"20","volume":"66","author":"Braunstein J","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nova Scotia Med Bull."},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Bassett K, Forbes I. Vision Screening for Strabismus and Amblyopia: A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia; 1995:95. British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment, Discussion Paper Series no. ID."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1991.tb00187.x"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1990.tb00627.x"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1988.11981763"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1973.tb08060.x"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"287","volume":"105","author":"Stewart-Brown SL","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.8.917"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1988.tb04371.x"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appelboom TM. A history of vision screening. JSch Health. 1985;55:138-141.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1985.tb04102.x"},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"1193","volume":"121","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"1278","volume":"130","author":"Canadian Task","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"1136","volume":"141","author":"Canadian Task","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Routine preschool screening for visual and hearing problems. In: The Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventive Health Care. Ottowa, Health Canada; 1994:298-304."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Visual Impairment. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1996. Available at: http:\/\/text.nlm.nih.gov\/ftrs\/ tocview. Accessed Fall 1996."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92167-4"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)81990-X"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31865-2"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum HL, Peters HB, Bettman JW. Vision Screening for Elementary Schools: The Orinda Study. Berkeley: University of Califomia Press; 1959.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520340015"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Atkinson J. Infant vision screening: prediction and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia from refractive screening in the Cambridge photorefraction programme. In: Simons K, ed. Early Visual Development, Normal and Abnormal. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1993:335-348."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198508000-00003"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.124"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90129-B"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199007000-00012"},{"key":"p_27","first-page":"2448","volume":"31","author":"Almeder LM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"225","volume":"7","author":"Bobier WR","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Vis Sci."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1994.tb01716.x"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(83)90153-5"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19890901-12","volume":"26","author":"Hsu-Winges C","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1986.tb06882.x"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1986.tb06976.x"},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"159","volume":"24","author":"Kennedy RA","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can JOphthalmol."},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"43","volume":"35","author":"Molteno ACB","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc N Z."},{"key":"p_36","first-page":"141","volume":"22","author":"Crane MM","year":"1952","journal-title":"Sight-SavingRev."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"von Noorden GK. 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