{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T08:10:55Z","timestamp":1773735055850,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: This study sought to define, among sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic attendees, (1) patterns of sex partner selection, (2) relative risks for gonococcal or chlamydial infection associated with each mixing pattern, and (3) selected links and potential and actual bridge populations. METHODS: Mixing matrices were computed based on characteristics of the study participants and their partners. Risk of infection was determined in study participants with various types of partners, and odds ratios were used to estimate relative risk of infection for discordant vs concordant partnerships. RESULTS: Partnerships discordant in terms of race\/ethnicity, age, education, and number of partners were associated with significant risk for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection. In low-prevalence subpopulations, within-subpopulation mixing was associated with chlamydial infection, and direct links with high-prevalence subpopulations were associated with gonorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Mixing patterns influence the risk of specific infections, and they should be included in risk assessments for individuals and in the design of screening, health education, and partner notification strategies for populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.89.6.825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:33:29Z","timestamp":1227965609000},"page":"825-833","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Sexual mixing patterns in the spread of gonococcal and chlamydial infections."],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"S O","family":"Aral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J P","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Whittington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H H","family":"Handsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R M","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K K","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Eng TR, Butler WT, eds. The Hidden Epidemic. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1996."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5288.740"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124193022001005"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199405000-00006"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(85)90269-2"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90302-6"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199409000-00018"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Anderson RM, Gupta S, Ng W. The significance of sexual partner contact networks for the transmission dynamics of HIV. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3:417-429."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1991.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516491"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(82)90053-0"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(88)90031-4"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1993.0143"},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"428","volume":"2","author":"Ramstedt K","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J STDAIDS."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198804000-00004"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"411","volume":"59","author":"Sattenspiel L","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum Biol."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(91)90014-A"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117241"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Morris M. Data driven network models for the spread of infectious disease. In: Mollison D, ed. Epidemic Models: Their Structure and Relationship to Data. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1995."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0086"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Service SK, Blower SM. Linked HIV epidemics in San Francisco [letter]. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retovirol. 1996; 2(3): 1-2.","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199603010-00016"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199609000-00013"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Laumann EO, Gagnon JH, Michael RT, Michaels S. The Social Organization ofSexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1994."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113602"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198501000-00006"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granath F, Giesecke J, Scalia-Tomba G, Ram- 29. Gupta S, Anderson RM, May RM. Networks of stedt K, Forssman L. Estimation of a preference sexual contacts: implications for the pattern of matrix for women's choice of male sexual part- spread of HIV AIDS. 1989;3:807-817. ner according to rate of partner change using 30. Liang KY, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis partner notification data. Math Biosci. using generalized linear models. Biometrika. 1991;107:341-348. 1986;73: 13-22.","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(91)90013-9"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199701000-00009"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199605000-00015"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.89.6.825","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:12:20Z","timestamp":1709511140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.89.6.825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.89.6.825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.89.6.825","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}}}