{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:05:57Z","timestamp":1783094757582,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. To prepare for the implementation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Benin, we studied the management of ill children younger than 5 years at outpatient health facilities. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We observed a representative sample of consultations; after each consultation, we interviewed caregivers and reexamined children. Health workers' performance was evaluated against IMCI guidelines. To identify determinants of performance, statistical modeling was performed and 6 focus groups with health workers were conducted to solicit their opinions. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Altogether, 584 children were enrolled and 101 health workers were observed; 130 health workers participated in focus group discussions. Many serious deficiencies were found: incomplete assessment of children's signs and symptoms, incorrect diagnosis and treatment of potentially life-threatening illnesses, inappropriate prescription of dangerous sedatives, missed opportunities to vaccinate, and failure to refer severely ill children for hospitalization. Quantitative and qualitative analyses showed various health facility\u2013, health worker\u2013, caregiver-, and child-related factors as possible determinants of health worker performance. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Action is urgently needed. Our results suggest that to improve health care delivery, interventions should target both the health system and the community level. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.91.10.1625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:33:29Z","timestamp":1227965609000},"page":"1625-1635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Management of Childhood Illness at Health Facilities in Benin: Problems and Their Causes"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Alexander K.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexander K. Rowe and Michael S. Deming are with the International Child Survival and Emerging Infections Program Support Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Faustin Onikpo is with the Direction D\u00e9partementale de la Sant\u00e9 Publique de l'Ou\u00e9m\u00e9, Porto Novo, Benin. Marcel Lama and Francois Cokou are with Africare\u2013Benin, Porto Novo, Benin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faustin","family":"Onikpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexander K. Rowe and Michael S. Deming are with the International Child Survival and Emerging Infections Program Support Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Faustin Onikpo is with the Direction D\u00e9partementale de la Sant\u00e9 Publique de l'Ou\u00e9m\u00e9, Porto Novo, Benin. Marcel Lama and Francois Cokou are with Africare\u2013Benin, Porto Novo, Benin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Lama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexander K. Rowe and Michael S. Deming are with the International Child Survival and Emerging Infections Program Support Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Faustin Onikpo is with the Direction D\u00e9partementale de la Sant\u00e9 Publique de l'Ou\u00e9m\u00e9, Porto Novo, Benin. Marcel Lama and Francois Cokou are with Africare\u2013Benin, Porto Novo, Benin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Cokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexander K. Rowe and Michael S. Deming are with the International Child Survival and Emerging Infections Program Support Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Faustin Onikpo is with the Direction D\u00e9partementale de la Sant\u00e9 Publique de l'Ou\u00e9m\u00e9, Porto Novo, Benin. Marcel Lama and Francois Cokou are with Africare\u2013Benin, Porto Novo, Benin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Deming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexander K. Rowe and Michael S. Deming are with the International Child Survival and Emerging Infections Program Support Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Faustin Onikpo is with the Direction D\u00e9partementale de la Sant\u00e9 Publique de l'Ou\u00e9m\u00e9, Porto Novo, Benin. Marcel Lama and Francois Cokou are with Africare\u2013Benin, Porto Novo, Benin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Gove S, for the WHO Working Group on Guidelines for Integrated Management of the Sick Child. Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. 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