{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:11:35Z","timestamp":1760955095041},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether socioeconomic factors explain racial\/ethnic differences in regular smoking initiation and cessation. METHODS: Data were derived from the CARDIA study, a cohort of 5115 healthy adults aged 18 to 30 years at baseline (1985-1986) and recruited from the populations of 4 US cities. Respondents were followed over 10 years. RESULTS: Among 3950 respondents reexamined in 1995-1996, 20% of Whites and 33% of African Americans were smokers, as compared with 25% and 32%, respectively, in 1985-1986. On average, African Americans were of lower socioeconomic status. Ten-year regular smoking initiation rates for African American women, White women, African American men, and White men were 7.1%, 3.5%, 13.2%, and 5.1%, respectively, and the corresponding cessation rates were 25%, 35.1%, 19.2%, and 31.3%. After adjustment for socioeconomic factors, most 95% confidence intervals of the odds ratios for regular smoking initiation and cessation in African Americans vs Whites included 1. CONCLUSIONS: Less beneficial 10-year changes in smoking were observed in African Americans, but socioeconomic factors explained most of the racial disparity. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.91.2.213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:33:29Z","timestamp":1227965609000},"page":"213-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Ten-year changes in smoking among young adults: are racial differences explained by socioeconomic factors in the CARDIA study?"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"91","member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Benowitz NL. Tobacco. In: Bennett JC, Plum F, eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 20th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1996:33-36."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Report of the Task Force on Research in Epidemiology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1994."},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"1","volume":"43","author":"Giovino GA","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ."},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"588","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"925","volume":"43","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420010059033"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"473","volume":"71","author":"Harris JE","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"p_8","first-page":"789","volume":"43","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Health, United States, 1998 With Socioeconomic Status and Health Chartbook. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 1998. DHHS publication (PHS) 98-1232."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.8.572"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"386","volume":"47","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"1229","volume":"47","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Tobacco Use Among US Racial\/Ethnic Minority Groups-African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health; 1998."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.9.1303"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.6.1.14"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.2.220"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.152"},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"1998","volume":"91","author":"Caraballo RS","year":"1988","journal-title":"Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(91)90002-4"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(90)90017-E"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.1.33"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA): Year 7 Exam Manual of Operations. Birmingham: University of Alabama at Birmingham; 1992."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Rosner B. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. 3rd ed. Boston, Mass: PWS-Kent; 1990."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.20.1552"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.4.486"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.4.497"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.8.1133"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.6.816"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.9.1187"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199710000-00002"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199711000-00002"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Eller TJ. Household Wealth and Asset Ownership: 1991. Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census; 1994."},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Money Income and Households, Families and Persons in the United States: 1992. Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census; 1993: 116-140."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Oliver ML, Shapiro TM. Black Wealth\/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York, NY: Routledge; 1995."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)00035-X"},{"key":"p_36","first-page":"237","volume":"30","author":"Ford ES","year":"1995","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00044-0"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(97)00211-1"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476493"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.4.1973"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Report of the Conference of Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Bethesda, Md: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1995."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.1.3.169"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.91.2.213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T23:03:58Z","timestamp":1652137438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.91.2.213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.91.2.213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.91.2.213","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]}}}