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RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 17% (95% confidence interval = 15%, 19%) overall, with extremely high levels in African Americans (29%), MSM who used injection drugs (40%), \"ultraheavy\" noninjection drug users (32%), and less educated men (&lt; high school, 37%). City-level HIV differences were non-significant once these other factors were controlled for. In comparing the present findings with historical data based on public records and modeling, HIV prevalence appears to have declined as a result of high mortality (69%) and stable, but high, incidence rates (1%-2%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the findings suggest that HIV prevalence has declined significantly from the mid-1980s, current levels among urban MSM in the United States approximate those of sub-Saharan countries (e.g., 14%-25%) and are extremely high in many population subsegments. Despite years of progress, the AIDS epidemic continues unabated among subsegments of the MSM community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.91.6.907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:33:29Z","timestamp":1227965609000},"page":"907-914","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":237,"title":["The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"91","member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"HIV\/AIDS Surveillance Report. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1998."},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"1997","volume":"95","author":"Sullivan PS","year":"1990","journal-title":"United States"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.12.1933"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.6.685"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Kanouse DE, Berry SH, Gorman EM,Yano EM, Carson S. 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