{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:23:06Z","timestamp":1789784586053,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> OBJECTIVES: This study described HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of male-to-female and female-to-male transgender persons and determined factors associated with HIV. METHODS: We recruited transgender persons through targeted sampling, respondent-driven sampling, and agency referrals; 392 male-to-female and 123 female-to-male transgender persons were interviewed and tested for HIV. RESULTS: HIV prevalence among male-to-female transgender persons was 35%. African American race (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 5.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.82, 11.96), a history of injection drug use (OR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.56, 4.62), multiple sex partners (adjusted OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.50, 4.62), and low education (adjusted OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.17, 3.68) were independently associated with HIV. Among female-to-male transgender persons, HIV prevalence (2%) and risk behaviors were much lower. Most male-to-female (78%) and female-to-male (83%) transgender persons had seen a medical provider in the past 6 months. Sixty-two percent of the male-to-female and 55% of the female-to-male transgender persons were depressed; 32% of each population had attempted suicide. CONCLUSIONS: High HIV prevalence suggests an urgent need for risk reduction interventions for male-to-female transgender persons. Recent contact with medical providers was observed, suggesting that medical providers could provide an important link to needed prevention, health, and social services. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.91.6.915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T13:33:29Z","timestamp":1227965609000},"page":"915-921","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":623,"title":["HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"91","member":"844","reference":[{"key":"p_11","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"White JC","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129850124028"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90168-6"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249400500210"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Yep GA, Pietri M. 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