{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1790505058794,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between stigma and shame associated with seeking treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and undergoing testing for gonorrhea and HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. Participants were 847 males and 1126 females (mean age: 24.9 years) in 7 cities. Two scales assessed STD-related stigma and STD-related shame.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Rates of stigma and shame were higher among participants without a gonorrhea test in the past year and among those without an HIV test. Sex, age, health service use, previous suspicion of gonorrhea, and low levels of stigma were independently associated with gonorrhea testing. Age, enrollment site, use of health services, gonorrhea testing, and low levels of stigma were independently associated with HIV testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. Shame is part of the experience of seeking STD-related care, but stigma may be a more powerful barrier to obtaining such care. (Am J Public Health. 2002;92:378\u2013381)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.92.3.378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T19:04:35Z","timestamp":1228158275000},"page":"378-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"title":["Relationships of Stigma and Shame to Gonorrhea and HIV Screening"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"J. Dennis","family":"Fortenberry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Dennis Fortenberry is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Mary McFarlane is with the Behavioral Interventions Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Amy Bleakley is with the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Sheana Bull is with the AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colo. Martin Fishbein is with the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"McFarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Dennis Fortenberry is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Mary McFarlane is with the Behavioral Interventions Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Amy Bleakley is with the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Sheana Bull is with the AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colo. Martin Fishbein is with the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Bleakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Dennis Fortenberry is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Mary McFarlane is with the Behavioral Interventions Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Amy Bleakley is with the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Sheana Bull is with the AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colo. Martin Fishbein is with the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheana","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Dennis Fortenberry is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Mary McFarlane is with the Behavioral Interventions Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Amy Bleakley is with the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Sheana Bull is with the AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colo. Martin Fishbein is with the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Fishbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Dennis Fortenberry is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Mary McFarlane is with the Behavioral Interventions Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Amy Bleakley is with the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Sheana Bull is with the AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colo. Martin Fishbein is with the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane M.","family":"Grimley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Dennis Fortenberry is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Mary McFarlane is with the Behavioral Interventions Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Amy Bleakley is with the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Sheana Bull is with the AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colo. Martin Fishbein is with the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Kevin","family":"Malotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Dennis Fortenberry is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Mary McFarlane is with the Behavioral Interventions Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Amy Bleakley is with the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Sheana Bull is with the AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colo. Martin Fishbein is with the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley P.","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Dennis Fortenberry is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Mary McFarlane is with the Behavioral Interventions Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Amy Bleakley is with the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Sheana Bull is with the AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, Colo. Martin Fishbein is with the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199602010-00006"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129948171"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7199.1660"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.7.1097"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.9.765"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Herek GM, Mitnick L, Burris S, et al. AIDS and stigma: a conceptual framework and research agenda.\n                      AIDS Public Policy J.\n                      1998;13:36\u201347."},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.6.1256"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Oxman AD, Scott EA, Sellors JW, et al. Partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases: an overview of the evidence.\n                      Can J Public Health.\n                      1994;85(suppl 1):S41\u2013S47."},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.12.1580"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146642409811800210"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.19.1574"},{"key":"R15","unstructured":"Thomas JC, Eng E, Clark M, Robinson J, Blumenthal C. Lay health advisors: sexually transmitted disease prevention through community involvement.\n                      Am J Public Health.\n                      1998;88:1252\u20131253."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.92.3.378","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T18:56:42Z","timestamp":1652122602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.92.3.378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.92.3.378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.92.3.378","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]}}}